Term
| what is an invasion in a biological sense |
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Definition
‘A biological invasion consists of a species’ acquiring a competitive advantage following the disappearance of natural obstacles to its proliferation, which allows it to spread rapidly and to conquer novel areas within recipient ecosystems in which it becomes a dominant population.’ |
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Term
| what are the steps in a succesful biological invasion |
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Definition
1 species traits that are useful in the new environment
2 propagules- intoducing the new species; more individuals equals a healthier new population
3 reciepient community; the natives can only combat the new species if all the niches are full biodiversity hot spots are less likely to be invaded. |
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Term
| what results in invaisonal meltdown |
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Definition
low biotic resitance
native species and non-native species interacting (commensalism/ mutualism/ facilitaion)
native species being continually replaced by more and more non native species. |
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Term
| what is captain higgins's real name and what hosts does he live in |
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Definition
dicrocoelom dendriticum
hosts; snail, ant, cow |
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Term
| what are the four types of hosts and their definitions |
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Definition
definitive host-parasite reaches sexual maturity
intermediate host- some development occurs but parasite does not reach sexual stage
paratenic host - no development takes place only transmission to the next host
aberrant host- accidental host |
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Term
| what is the red queen hypothesis |
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Definition
that things have to conitually evolve or be outcompeted by other species.
running to stay in one place |
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Term
| define direct life cycle for parsites |
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Definition
| infection of one host to the next of the same species with no infection of other species necessary |
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Term
| define indirect life cycle |
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Definition
| requirement of multiple hosts sometimes with intermediate hosts |
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Term
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Definition
| derivation of food source from an organism by either living in or on the organism a metabolic dependence |
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Term
| what is a facultative parasite |
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Definition
| can live independently of a host but are parasitic under certain conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| can only live on the host and will die when the host dies |
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Term
| what is the species that causes malaria |
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Definition
| plasmodium spp an it is a protist |
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Term
| what is a secondary metabolite |
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Definition
a compound not necessary for growth or reporduction
a non-essential compound for life |
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Term
| what are the sponge cell types and what do they do |
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Definition
choanocytes- create currents and filter feeding
pinacocytes- line the sponge exterior walls and protect
archaeocytes- ingestion and digestion of food particles caught by choanocytes and transport nutrients to other cells
sclerocytes- secrete spicules
spongocytes- secrete spongin |
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Term
| what is the basic sponge body plan |
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Definition
| the basic body plan of sponges is that water is pulled in through ostia (single, ostium ) and then is pulled through channels lined with flagellated collar cells called choanocytes where food particles are removed from the water the water is then sent to the central canal called the spongocoel and is then sent out the osculum. |
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Term
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Definition
| structures or the dorsal lateral surface of aeolid nudibranchs that aid in gas exchange and also are the site where stolen cnidocites are placed for protection |
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Term
| how does the water flow from the madreporite to tube foot |
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Definition
| madreporite - stone canal - rign canal - past polian veiscle and tiedsmans bodies - radial canal - lateral canal - ampullae - tube foot |
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Term
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Definition
The transmission to humans of parasites
normally found in animals |
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Term
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Definition
an animal that harbours an
infection that can be transmitted to humans |
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Term
| what causes elephantitis and what the real name for the condition |
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Definition
| it is called Lymphatic filariasis and is caused byWucheria bancrofti Filarial worms that infects the lymphatic system |
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Term
| what cause african sleeping sickness and what is its vector |
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Definition
afircan sleeping sickness is caused by a Trypanasome
parasite and the vector is the Tse-tse fly |
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Term
| what transmits chagas diseas and how is uptaken |
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Definition
| the assasin bug (Triatoma infestans) transmits chagas disease, when it takes a blood meal it usaully deficates on the host. the feces can contain chagas which can become mixed with the new open wound or infect through a mucus membrane following scratching the site of the bite |
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Term
| for what purpose do mangroves produce tannins |
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Definition
| to limit growth of fouling organisms |
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Term
| what are tardigrada and why are they interesting |
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Definition
| water bears the are able to undergo cryptobiosis where they shrivel up and lose 99% of water, they are able to stay this way for a very long time to endure unfavorable conditions. |
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Term
| what is the life cycle of aurelia aurita |
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Definition
| planula larva settles out to form a gastrozooid that eats free floating particulate matter and plankton, this then turns into a scyphastoma and under goes asexual reproduction producing ephyra that mature into medusa which release gonopores when sexual mature that meat inside the female and form free swimming planula larva. |
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Term
| what are the different types of cnidocytes |
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Definition
Cnidocytes= combined sensory effector cell that plays a central role in prey capture and defense
three types of cnidocytes
-nematocysts=occur in all groups of cnidarians, barbs present on surface of everted tubule
-spirocysts= only in anthozoans thin walled cnida in which the unfired barb is coiled like a spring, lacks barbs but has adhesive threads
-ptychocysts=only in order cerantheria, lacks barbs but has adhesives although it is stored in a zigzag pattern. |
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Term
| what are the layers of the arthropod exoskeleton |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the infolding of the arthropod skeleton |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a sclerite in relation to arthropods |
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Definition
| the division of the hard cuticle that is connected by flexible regions known as articular membranes |
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Term
| what is a monocondylic joint |
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Definition
| when the joint has one point of articulation between to articulates forming a ball and socket joint that permits a wide range of motion, similar to a human hip. |
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Term
| what is a dincondylic joint |
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Definition
| a joint that has articulation restricted to a single plane. it is a hinge joint like a human knee. |
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Term
| where does the exoskeleton come from |
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Definition
| it is secreted by the underlying epidermis |
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Term
| what are setae in relation to arthropods |
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Definition
| setae are articulated chitinous projections of the exoskeleton that are secreted by the trichogen cell in the epidermis. setae are hairlike solid, flexible, or hollow bristles. |
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Term
| what are the four stages of the molting process |
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Definition
Intermolt- normal free living and day to day activities. This is the period during which tissue growth occurs.
proecdysis- prepatory phase during which the most extensive changes occur. the animal does not feed at this time and the old cuticle is detached from the epidermis with the new cuticle starting to form.
Ecdysis- this is the actual shedding stage of the old exoskeleton. once out of the old exoskeleton the animal will take in air or water in large volumes to stretch the new exoskeleton out as much as possible.
postecdysis- the new endocutilce is secreted and calcification and sclerotization take place. during this phase the animal still does not feed and will remain hidden. calcification only completes during the intermolt phase. |
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Term
| what type of muscle group is responsible for arthropod walking |
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Definition
| antagonistic muscle sets with a flexor and extensor. the flexor usually accomplishes work such as walking or pinching and as such is a larger muscle. where as the extensor restores the postion of the appendage and is smaller. |
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Term
| how do spiders move their limbs |
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Definition
| extension of the legs is done almost entirely through blood pressure although flexion is usually accomplished by a flexor muscle. spiders cannot extend their legs if their hemocoel is ruptured since they cannot create pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| present in many arachnids it is an invaginated pocket of the exoskelton that contains numerous secondary invaginations to create large amounts of surface area for gas exchange. |
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Term
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Definition
| they occur in arachnids, onychophorans and tracheats. these tubular invaginations of the epidermis and cuticle extend inward from an opening, the spiracle, on the body surface. Tracheae branch into even smaller tubes ultimately delivering oxygen directly to individual cells, with out mediation by the hemal system in most cases. |
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Term
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Definition
| they are a collection of slit sense organs that are responsible for strain caused by deformation in the exoskeleton |
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Term
| name the parts of a crustacean leg |
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Definition
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