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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A woman who has had two or more pregnancies |
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Term
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Definition
| A woman who has completed two or more pregnancies to 20 weeks of gestation or more |
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Term
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Definition
A woman who has never been pregnant and is
not currently pregnant |
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Definition
| A woman who has not completed a pregnancy with a fetus or fetuses beyond 20 weeks of gestation |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of pregnancies in which the fetus or fetuses have reached 20 weeks of gestation, not the number of fetuses (e.g., twins) born. Parity is not affected by whether the fetus is born alive or is stillborn (i.e., showing no signs of life at birth). |
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| Define postdate or postterm |
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Definition
| A pregnancy that goes beyond 42 weeks of gestation |
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Definition
| A pregnancy that has reached 20 weeks of gestation but ends before completion of 37 weeks of gestation |
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Definition
| A woman who is pregnant for the first time |
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Term
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Definition
| A woman who has completed one pregnancy with a fetus or fetuses who have reached 20 weeks of gestation |
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Definition
| A pregnancy from the beginning of week 38 of gestation to the end of week 42 of gestation |
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Term
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Definition
| The capacity to live outside the uterus; there are no clear limits of gestational age or weight. Infants born at 22 to 25 weeks of gestation are considered to be on the threshold of viability and are especially vulnerable to brain injury if they survive. |
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Term
| Two systems used to summarize obstetric history |
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Definition
1) Gravidity and parity can be described
with only two digits: the first digit indicates the number of pregnancies the woman has had, including the present one, and parity the number of pregnancies that have reached 20 weeks of gestation.
E.g., the abbreviation gravida 1 para 0 (1/0) means that a woman is pregnant for the first time (primigravida) and has not carried a pregnancy to 20 weeks (nullipara).
2)Another system, consisting of five digits separated by hyphens.
The first digit represents gravidity
the second digit represents the total number of term births
the third indicates the number of preterm births
the fourth identifies the number of abortions (miscarriage or elective termination of pregnancy)
the fifth is the number of children currently living.
Think: GTPAL (Gravidity, Term, Preterm, Abortions, Living children) |
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Term
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Definition
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) or the beta subunit of hCG (Beta-hCG) is the earliest biologic marker for pregnancy.
Higher-than-normal levels of hCG are associated with abnormal gestation (e.g., fetus with Down syndrome, gestational trophoblastic disease) or multiple gestation.
Abnormally slow increase in hCG or lower levels can indicate impending miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy. |
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Term
| What is a common error in doing home pregnancy tests? |
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Definition
| Doing it too early and not allowing sufficient time for the hCG levels to rise. This can cause a false negative result. |
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Term
| Patient teaching about taking pregnancy testing (6 points) |
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Definition
1. Follow instructions--do not omit steps.
2. Review manufacturer’s list of foods, meds, and other substances that can affect results.
3. Use first-voided morning urine.
4. If test done at the time of missed period is negative, repeat test in 1 week if you still have not had a period.
5. Contact manufacturer w/ questions.
6. Contact health care provider for follow-up if the test result is positive or if the test result is negative and you still have not had a period. |
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Term
| What can cause false results on a pregnancy test? |
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Definition
Anticonvulsants and tranquilizers can cause false-positive results.
Diuretics and promethazine can cause false-negative results.
Improper collection of the specimen, hormone-producing tumors, and lab errors can also cause inaccurate results. |
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| What are the categories of "signs of pregnancy" |
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Definition
Preumptive--those felt by the woman.
Probable--Those observed by an examiner.
Positive--Those attributed only to the presence of the fetus. |
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Term
| Effects of high levels of estrogen and progesterone on the uterus |
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Definition
| Stimulate phenomenal growth in the first trimester. The uterus enlarges to the size of a grapefruit within the first three months of the gestation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Production of new muscle fibers and fibroelastic tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| an abnormal absence of menstruation |
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Term
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Definition
| quickening is the moment in pregnancy when the pregnant woman starts to feel or perceive fetal movements in the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
A significant softening of the vaginal portion of the cervix from increased vascularization. This vascularization is a result of hypertrophy and engorgement of the vessels below the growing uterus.
Observed in the beginning of the sixth week. |
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Term
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Definition
A bluish discoloration of the cervix, vagina, and labia resulting from increased blood flow.
Can be evident as early as the sixth week but is easily noted by the eighth week of pregnancy. |
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Term
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Definition
Hegar's sign is a non-sensitive indication of pregnancy in women — its absence does not exclude pregnancy.
It is demonstrated as a softening in the consistency of the uterus, and the uterus and cervix seem to be two separate regions. |
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Term
| Define braxton hicks contractions |
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Definition
Intermittent, irregular, painless contractions of the uterus occurring during pregnancy.
Begin at month 4. |
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Term
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Definition
Passive movement of the unengaged fetus.
Occurs between sixteenth and eighteenth weeks.
Also known as the technique of palpating a floating structure by bouncing it gently and feeling it rebound. |
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Term
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Definition
Between weeks 38 and 40, fundal height decreases as the fetus begins to descend and engage in the pelvis (dashed line).
Occurs in the nullipara about 2 weeks before the onset of labor and in the multipara at the start of labor.
[image] |
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Term
| Three factors that are known to decrease uterine blood flow |
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Definition
Low maternal arterial pressure
Contractions of the uterus
Maternal supine position |
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Term
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Definition
| Is synchronous with the fetal heart rate and is caused by fetal blood coursing through the umbilical cord |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of fragile tissue to become easily damaged. |
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Term
| What is "feeling life" and when does it occur? |
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Definition
| May occur as early as 14-16 weeks in a multiparous woman and around the eighteenth week or later in a nulliparous woman. |
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Term
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Definition
A white/gray mucoid discharge with a faint musty odor.
Occurs in response to cervical stimulation by estrogen and progesterone.
It is whitish due to many exfoliated vaginal epithelial cells caused by the hyperplasia of normal pregnancy.
This discharge is never pruritic or blood stained. |
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Term
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Definition
A mucous plug made of the mucoid discharge known as "leukorrhea."
The operculum acts as a barrier against bacterial invasion during pregnancy. |
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Term
| What is the pH range of vaginal secretions during pregnancy? |
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Definition
| It is more acidic, ranging from about 3.5 to about 6.0 (nonpregnant, 4.0 to 5.0), because of increased production of lactic acid. |
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Term
| Which type of vaginal infection is a pregnant woman more susceptible? |
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Definition
| Yeast infections (Candida albicans), because of the glycogen-rich environment of the vagina. |
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Term
| What is the effect of increased levels of estrogen and progesterone on the breasts? |
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Definition
| Fullness, heightened sensitivity, tingling, and heaviness of the breasts begin in the early weeks of gestation in response to increased levels of estrogen and progesterone. |
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Term
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Definition
| The creamy, white-to-yellowish-to-orange premilk fluid secreted during the second trimester may be expressed from the nipples as early as 16 weeks of gestation |
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Term
| What positions generally elicit the highest and lowest BP readings in a pregnant woman? |
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Definition
| Brachial blood pressure is highest when the woman is sitting; lowest when she is lying in the lateral recumbent position; and intermediate when she is supine, except for some women who experience hypotensive syndrome. |
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Term
| Define supine hypotensive syndrome |
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Definition
| Some degree of compression of the vena cava occurs in all women who lie on their back during the second half of pregnancy. Some women experience a fall of more than 30mmHg in their systolic pressure. After 4 to 5 minutes, a reflex bradycardia is noted, cardiac output is reduced by half, and the woman feels faint. |
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| What is the normal H/H for pregnant women? |
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Definition
Hemoglobin >11g/dL
(Less than 11g/dL in the 1st and 3rd trimesters, and less than 10.5g/dL in the second trimester is considered anemic)
Hematocrit >33%
(Anything less than 33% is considered anemic) |
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Term
| Cardiovascular changers in pregnant women |
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Definition
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| What are the renal changes in pregnant women? |
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Definition
As early as the tenth week of pregnancy, the renal pelves and the ureters dilate.
As a result, a larger volume of urine is held in the pelves and ureters and urine flow rate is slowed.
The urine of pregnant women contains more nutrients and glucose, which increase the
pH. This makes the urine a great place for microorganism grown and pregnant women are as a result more susceptible to UTIs. |
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Term
| What are the two potential consequences of using diuretics in pregnancy? |
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Definition
| Severe hypovolemia and reduced placental perfusion |
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Term
| Define hyperpigmentation and when does it occur? |
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Definition
| It is stimulated by the anterior pituitary hormone melanotropin, which is increased during pregnancy. Darkening of the nipples, areolae, axillae, and vulva occurs at about the sixteenth week of gestation. |
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Term
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Definition
| (also called chloasma or mask of pregnancy) is a blotchy, brownish hyperpigmentation of the skin over the cheeks, nose, and forehead, especially in pregnant women with dark complexions. Melasma appears in 50% to 70% of pregnant women, beginning after the sixteenth week and increasing gradually until term. The sun intensifies this effect. Melasma usually fades after birth but often recurs with oral contraceptive use or subsequent pregnancies. |
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Term
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Definition
A pigmented line extending from the symphysis pubis to the top of the fundus in the midline. This line is known as the linea alba before hormone-induced pigmentation.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
“stretch marks,” (seen over the lower
abdomen in Fig. 7-11) appear in 50% to 90% of pregnant women.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Angiomas, referred to as vascular spiders. These tiny, star-shaped or branched, slightly raised, and pulsating endarterioles are usually found on the neck, thorax, face, and arms. Occur as a result of elevated levels of estrogens.
The are bluish in color and do not blanch. Appear during the second to fifth month of pregnancy in about 65% of Caucasian women and 10% of African-American women. Usually disappear after birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pinkish red, diffusely mottled, or well defined blotches are seen over the palmar surfaces of the hands during pregnancy. These color changes are related primarily to increased estrogen levels. |
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| What are the effects of pregnancy on acne? |
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Definition
The effect of pregnancy on acne is unpredictable. In some women, acne improves during pregnancy.
Women with severe acne taking isotretinoin (Accutane) should avoid pregnancy while receiving the treatment because it is teratogenic and associated with major fetal malformations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Some women have nonfood cravings (pica) such as for ice, clay, and laundry starch. Pica is often a manifestation of iron deficiency. Usually the subjects of these cravings, if consumed in moderation, are not harmful to the pregnancy if the woman has adequate nutrition with appropriate weight gain. |
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Definition
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Term
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| (gingival granuloma gravidarum) is a red, raised nodule on the gums that bleeds easily. Develops around the third month and usually continues to enlarge as pregnancy progresses. It is managed by avoiding trauma to the gums. Usually regresses spontaneously after birth. |
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