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Materials and Methods
Arch4511 midterm
250
Architecture
Undergraduate 3
10/30/2011

Additional Architecture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

pile

[image]

Definition
a long , slender piece of material driven into the ground to act as an element of a foundation. Piles are driven into the earth for very large design loads, poor soil conditions which would otherwise erode, and when site conditions do not permit other types of soil excavation.
Term

Drainage

Definition

removal of water, draws water away from foundation, reducing volume and pressure of water on foundation walls

Methods:
The gravel drain (left) is hard to do well because of the difficulty of depositing the crushed stone and backfill soil in neatly separated, alternating layers. The drainage mat (right) is easier and often more economical to install.

A perforated drain pipe is often used, diameter is 4-6 inches, and pipes are often sloped to a locatoin lower on the site.

  •  moisture-resistant cement plaster/asphalt compound
Term
Backfill
Definition
earth or earthen material used to fill excavation around a foundation; the act of filling around a foundation.
Term
Live load
Definition
weight of the occupants and movable or temporary components (furniture, food, decor, etc) acting on a structure
Term
foundation settlement
Definition

shifting of the foundation (and the structure built upon it) into the soil

  • uniform vs. differential settlement

Differential settlement:
settlement/sinking of a building at different rates between different portions of the building; cause of most foundation failures

Term
Sand
Definition
soil particulate with individual grains small enough to see with the naked eye but too small to be picked up one at a time
Term
Clay
Definition
soil particulate too small to see with the naked eye and plate-shaped, resulting in higher surface area to volume ratio
Term
Strata
Definition
Plural of stratum. A bed or layer of sedimentary rock having approximately the same composition throughout.
Term
Water table
Definition
The level at which the pressure of water in the soil is equal to the atmospheric pressure; the level to which groundwater will fill an excavation.
Term
Tieback
Definition
A tie, one end of which is anchored in the ground, with the other end used to support sheeting around an excavation
Term
Superstructure
Definition
The above-grade portion of a building
Term
Deep foundation
Definition
A building foundation that extends through upper strata of incompetent soil to reach deeper strata with greater bearing capacity
Term

Slab on grade

[image]

Definition
A concrete surface lying upon, and supported directly by, the ground beneath. It is the most economical shallow foundation under many circumstances, especially where the water table lies near the surface of the ground (Not in MN due to frost line)
Term
Caisson
Definition
Also known as a drilled pier. A caisson is a concrete cylinder poured into a drilled hole. It differs from column footings in that it extends through the strata of unsatisfactory soil beneath the substructure of a building until it reaches a more suitable stratum. Its constructed by drilling or hand-digging a hole, belling the hole out at the bottom as necessary to achieve the required bearing area, and filling the hole with concrete. Belled caissons are only practical in areas with cohesive soil so that the belled area will retain its shape until the concrete can be poured, otherwise a socketed caisson is necessary, which is drilled into the bedrock at the bottom and gets its bearing capacity from frictional forces between the bedrock and the caisson.
Term
Retaining wall
Definition
holds soil back to create and abrupt change in the elevation of the ground. Must resist the pressure of the earth that bears it on the uphill side. (made out of masonry, preservative-treated wood, steel, concrete)
Term

waterproof membrane

[image]

Definition
An impermeable layer of plastic film, roofing material, bitumen, or other material placed to stop transfer of water or water vapor. can prevent the passage of water even under conditions of hydrostatic pressure. It is used where ground- water conditions are severe or the need to protect subgrade space from moisture is critical. Waterproof mem- branes are most commonly formulat- ed from plastics, asphalt compounds, or synthetic rubbers and come in a great variety of forms.
Term
Grain
Definition
The direction of the long axis of the cells is referred to as the grain of the wood.
Term
Lumber
Definition
The lengths of squared wood for use in construction, begins with the felling of trees and the transportation of the logs to a sawmill. (page 92) dimensional lumber: Lengths of wood, rectangular in cross section, sawed direct- ly from the log.
Term

Vertical grain

[image]

Definition
Dimension lumber sawed in such a way that the annual rings run mostly perpendicular to the faces of each piece. Quartersawing produces a vertical grain structure, which is seen on the face of the board as tightly spaced parallel summerwood line
Term
Kiln drying
Definition
is generally preferred to air drying because it can be done faster due to a highly controlled temperature and humidity level and it produces lumber with fewer distortions and more uniform quality (page 940)
Term
surfacing
Definition
lumber is surfaced to make it smooth and more dimensionally precise. easier to work with than unsurfaced lumber.
Term

Actual dimension

[image]

Definition
The true dimension series, tending to act as distinct from its nominal dimension.
Term
Timber
Definition
lumber that is larger than 4” wide. Lumber that is thinner than this goes by different names
Term
Finger joint
Definition
A glued end connection between two pieces of wood, using an interlocking pattern of deeply cut. A finger joint creates a large surface for the glue bond, to allow it to develop the full tensile strength of the wood it connects.
Term
Structural composite lumber
Definition
substitutes for solid lumber made of wood veneers or wood fiber strands and glue; also called engineered lumber
Term
Oriented strand board (OSB)
Definition
a building panel composed of long shreds of wood fiber oriented in specific directions and bonded together under pressure
Term
Medium-density fiberboard (MDF)
Definition
a fine-grained wood fiber and resin panel product. (we’re using it for studio!)
Term
Flitch sliced
Definition
material cut by passing it vertically against a long, sharp knife
Term

Finish nail

[image]

Definition
a relatively thin nail with a very small head, used for fastening trim and other finished woodwork items.
Term
Hot-dip galvanized nail
Definition
galvanized by dipping the nail into a bath of molten zinc, used where rust resistance is necessary ie. exposed to the elements
Term

drywall screw

[image]

Definition
relatively slender and brittle. does not use washer and does not require pre-drilled hole
Term
split-ring connector
Definition
The split ring wood connector is a device for transmitting loads between two pieces of wood. The tongue and groove "split" in the ring permits simultaneous bearing of the inner surface of the ring against the core left in grooving and the outer face of the ring against the outer wall of the groove. The beveled split ring affords ease of assembly. a means of distributing loads over a larger area of wood and are discussed later in this section
Term
Softwood
Definition
wood from coniferous (evergreen) trees
Term

Plainsawed

[image]

Definition
Instead of first cutting the raw timber into quarter pieces, the log is cut directly into boards with little concern for the orientation of the annual rings resulting in interesting designs in the grain of the wood.
Term

quartersawn

[image]

Definition
lumber sawn in such the annual rings run perpendicular to the face of each piece PICTURE
Term
Air drying
Definition
In air drying, the lumber is allowed to dry naturally (in loose stacks and covered by some sort of roof to keep off rain) over a period of months. Air drying often causes more defects than kiln drying and takes much longer.
Term
S4S and S2S
Definition
S4S means that the piece of lumber has been surfaced on all 4 sides. Hardwoods, however, are often surfaced on only 2 sides--S2S, leaving the two edges to be finished by the craftsman.
Term
Board
Definition
a board is a piece of lumber that is 2’ wide or less. Lumber larger than this are called by other names.
Term
Glue-laminated wood (glu-lam)
Definition
a wood product produced by joining many smaller strips of wood together with glue to form glue-laminated wood or glulam for short.
Term
Scarf joint
Definition
a type of joint used in glue laminated wood that allows for compressive and tensile stresses to be transferred from one strip of wood to the next. Strip faces are narrowed to a point and laid flat on each other to allow for a larger surface area for bonding.
Term
Structural joint
Definition
a connection designed to allow the structure of a building and its cladding or partitions to move independently
Term
Structural wood panel
Definition
such as plywood and oriented strand board (OSB)
Term
Particle board
Definition
a building panel composed of small particles of wood bonded together under pressure
Term
Rotary Sliced
Definition
A veneer type that is produced by running a stationary blade along the surface of a log spun by a lathe. These sheets of veneer have a wide and uneven grain.
Term
Nail
Definition
Sharp-pointed mental pins that are driven into wood with a hammer or mechanical nail gun
Term
Penny
Definition
In the United States, the size of a nail is measured in pennies, abbreviated “d”. The three sizes of nails most often used in light frame construction are 16d, 10d, and 8d.
Term
wood screw[image]
Definition
require predrilled pilot holes into which the screw is inserted and then tightened with a screwdriver. Common uses include joining of cabinetry  parts, installation of wide plank flooring, mounting of hardware such as hinges, and other finish woodworking applications.
Term
Bolt
Definition
A fastener consisting of a cylindrical metal body with a head at one end and a helical thread at the other; intended to be inserted through holes in adjoining pieces of material and closed with a threaded nut.
Term
toothed plate
Definition
are used in factory produced lightweight roof and floor trusses. inserted into wood with framing devices will be exposed to the weather or to lumber treated with corrosive chemical treatments , should be made from corrosion resistant material
Term
hardwood
Definition
wood from deciduous (broad leafed) trees
Term
Seasoning
Definition
the drying of wood to bring its moisture content into equilibrium w/ ambient conditions
Term
green lumber
Definition
refers to lumber that is freshly cut and has not been kiln dried yet. It still contains water and sap and will inevitably bow and warp
Term

Nominal dimension

 

 

 

Definition

an approximate dimension assigned to a piece of material as a convenience in referring to the piece

< 8=-1/2

>8=-3/4

Term
Dimension lumber
Definition
lumber that is between 2” and 4” wide. Other widths go by different names.
Term
Board foot
Definition
A unit of lumber volume, a rectangular solid nominally 12 square inches in cross-sectional area and 1 foot long.
Term
Plywood
Definition
a wood panel composed of an odd number of layers of wood veneer bonded together under pressure
Term
Veneer
Definition
a thin layer, sheet, or facing
Term
Fiberboard
Definition
A building material made of wood or other plant fibers compressed into boards
Term
Flitch
Definition
A slab of timber cut from a tree trunk, usually from the outside
Term

Common nail

[image]

Definition
a standard-sized nail used for the fastening of framing members in wood light frame construction
Term
Bright nail
Definition
Nails are ordinarily furnished bright, meaning that they are made of plain, uncoated steel.
Term

Lag screw

[image]

Definition
Large screw for heavy structural connections. They have square or hexagonal heads and are driven with a wrench rather than a scewdriver.
Term
Washer
Definition
Flat steel disks. Inserted under the heads and nuts of bolts to distribute the compressive force from the bolt across a greater area of wood.
Term
I-joist
Definition
An 'I'shaped engineered wood structural member designed for use in residential floor construction. The product is prefabricated using sawn or structural composite lumber flanges and wood structural panel webs, bonded together with exterior adhesives
Term
Heavy Timber (Mill) construction
Definition
A construction method that uses heavy timber roofs and floors supported at the perimeter on masonry loadbearing walls.
Term
Decking
Definition
Decking is carried by beams running at right angles to the exterior walls, supported at the interior on two lines of columns.
Term
Chamfer
Definition
(beveled at 45 de- grees) to eliminate the thin edges of wood that catch Þre most easily, but this is no longer a code requirement.
Term
Tongue and groove
Definition
A type of joinery in Heavy Timber decking. It is made of tongue and groove patterns fit together.
Term

Firecut

[image]

Definition
A diagonal cut along the top of a joints where it enters a masonry wall so that in the event of a fire where the beam would eventually break, it will not topple the rest of the wall.
Term
Truss
Definition
A structure comprising one or more triangular units constructed with straight members whose ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes.
Term
Wood light frame construction
Definition
Framing, in construction known as light-frame construction, is a building technique based around structural members, usually called studs, which provide a stable frame to which interior and exterior wall coverings are attached
Term
Joist
Definition
One of a parallel array of light, closely spaced beams used to support a floor deck or a low-slope roof
Term
Firestop
Definition
a component or mastic installed in an opening through a floor or around the edge of a floor to retard the passage of fire
Term
Rim joist
Definition
(band joint) a broad, shallow concrete beam that supports one-way concrete joists whose depths are identical to its own
Term
Sole plate
Definition
the horizontal piece of dimension lumber at the bottom of the studs in a wall in a light frame building (bottom plate)
Term
Trimmer joist
Definition
a joist that supports a header around an opening in a floor or roof frame
Term
Anchor bolt
Definition
a bold embedded in concrete for the purpose of fastening a building frame to a concrete or masonry foundation
Term
Shear wall
Definition
a stiff wall that imparts lateral force resistance to a building frame can be prefabricated or built by securely fastening strong sheathing to a wall to build strength.
Term
rise
Definition
a difference in elevation, such as the rise per foot of run in a roof
Term
valley
Definition
a trough formed by the intersection of two roof slopes
Term
shed
Definition
a building or dormer with a single pitched roof
Term

Mansard

[image]

Definition
a roof shape consisting of two superimposed levels of hip roofs with the lower level at a steeper pitch than the upper
Term

Fly rafter

Definition

a rafter in a rake overhang
Term
Level cut
Definition
a saw cut that produces a level surface in a sloping rafter when the rafter is in its final position
Term

Fascia

[image]

Definition
the exposed vertical face of an eave. In photo a gutter is attached.
Term
Birdsmouth cut
Definition
an angled notch cut into a rafter to allow the rafter to seat securely on the top plate of the wall
Term
Ballon frame
Definition
a wooden building frame composed of closely spaced members nominally 2 inches(51mm) thick, in which the wall members are single pieces that run from the sill to the top plates at the eave.
Term
Stud
Definition
one of an array of small, closely spaced, parallel wall framing members; a heavy steel pin.
Term
Sheathing
Definition
the rough covering applied to the outside of the roof, wall, or floor framing of a structure
Term
Band joist
Definition
A wooden joist running perpendicular to the primary direction of the joists in a floor and closing off the floor platform at the outside face of the building.
Term
Top plate
Definition
the horizontal member at the top of the studs in a wall in a light frame building
Term
Sill
Definition
the horizontal bottom portion of a window or door; the exterior surface, usually sloped to shed water, below the bottom of a window or door.
Term
Blocking
Definition
pieces of wood inserted tightly between joists, studs, or rafters in a building frame ti stabilize the structure, inhibit the passage of fire, provide a nailing surface for finish materials, or retain insulation.
Term
Let-in diagonal bracing
Definition
diagonal bracing that is nailed into notches cut in the face of the studs so as not to increase the thickness of the wall
Term
Run
Definition
horizontal dimension in a stair or sloping roof
Term
Roof truss
Definition
a structure comprising one or more triangular units constructed with straight members whose ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes
Term

Gable

[image]

Definition
a triangular wall beneath the end of a gable roof
Term
Knee wall
Definition
a short wall under the slope of a roof
Term
Eave
Definition
horizontal edge the low side of a sloping roof
Term
Collar tie
Definition
a piece of wood nailed across two opposing rafters near the ridge to resist wind uplift
Term
Hip rafter
Definition
a roof rafter at the intersection of two sloping roof planes
Term
Platform frame
Definition
a wooden building frame composed of closely spaced members nominally 2 inches thick in which the wall members do not run past the floor framing members
Term
Rafter
Definition
a framing member that runs up and down the slope of a steep roof
Term
Header
Definition
In framed construction, a member that carries other perpendicular framing members, such as a bream above an opening in a wall or a joist supporting other joists where they are interrupted by a floor opening. In steel construction, a beam that spans between girder. In masonry construction, a brick or other masonry unit that is laid across two wythes with its end exposed in the face of the wall
Term
Subfloor
Definition
the loadbearing surface beneath a finish floor
Term
Ridge board
Definition
a nonstructural framing member against which the upper ends of rafters are fastened
Term
Rough carpentry
Definition
framing carpentry
Term
Bridging
Definition
bracing or blocking installed between steel or wood joists at midspan to stabilize them against buckling and, in some cases, to permit adjacent joists to share loads.
Term
Pitch
Definition
the slope of a roof or other plane, often expressed as inches of rise per foot of run
Term
Hip
Definition
a diagonal intersection of plains in a hip roof
Term
Floor truss
Definition
unlike joists, floor trusses allow heating, plumbing and electrical material to run inside them rather than below
Term
Gambrel
Definition
a roof shape consisting of two superimposed levels of gable roofs with the lower level at a steeper pitch than the upper.
Term
Lookout
Definition
a short rafter, running perpendicular to the other rafters in the roof, which supports a rake overhang.
Term
Plumb cut
Definition
a saw cut that produces a vertical (plumb) surface in a sloping rafter after the rafter is in its final position
Term
Dormer
Definition
Def: A structure protruding through the plane of a sloping roof, usually containing a window and having its own smaller roof.
Term
Jack rafter
Definition
Def: A shortened rafter that joins a hip or valley rafter.
Term
Mason
Definition
A mason stacks pieces of material (bricks, stones, or concrete blocks, collectively called masonry units) atop one another to make walls. They use the most ancient of all building techniques, taking the material of the earth and forming arches, vaults, walls and foundations. This field remains to be the most labor intensive.Masonry is durable, scarcely affected by water, air or fire. Brilliant colors will not fade, and its structure will stand for generations. Their structures are primarily supported by load-bearing walls (pg. 298)
Term
Mortar
Definition
Mortar was originally the mud smeared into the joints of the rising wall to lend stability and weather tightness. Masons learned the art of turning limestone into lime mortar gradually replacing mud.
Term
Mortar is a vital part of masonry as the masonry units themselves. Mortar serves to cushion the masonry units
Definition
giving them full bearing against one another. Mortar seals between the units to keep water and wind from penetrating; it adheres to the units to one another to bond them into a monolithic structural unit. Water used in mortar should be clean and free of acids, alkalies and organic material, so generally potable. (pg. 301)
Term
Mortar Ingredients:BULLETThe most common type is cement-lime mortar
Definition
made of portland cement, hydrated lime, an inert aggregate and water. The aggregate, sand, must be clean and must be screened to eliminate particles. The portland cement is a bonding agent in the mortar.(Diagram for Portland cement manufacturing is on page 518) BULLETOnly Portland cement types I, II and III are recommended for use in masonry mortars.
Term
Mortar Types
Definition
According to ASTM(American Society for Testing and Materials) C270 there are four basic mortar types, distinguished primarily by difference in strength. BULLETType N Mortar: recommended for exterior veneers and walls subject to high wind forces or high seismic loads BULLET Type S Mortar: high flexural bond strength than type N Mortar. Recommended for exterior reinforced masonry, exterior loadbearing masonry walls and walls subject to high wind forces or high seismic loads BULLET Type O Mortar: is a low strength mortar recommended mainly for interior non-loadbearing masonry and historic restoration work. BULLET Type M Mortar: high strength Mortar will less workability than type S or N. It is recommended for masonry construction below grade, masonry subject to high lateral or compressive loads, or masonry exposed to severe frost action. (pg 302) BULLET Because lower strength mortars are more workable than higher strength mortars, as a general rule, the lowest strength mortar should be chosen. The majority of mortar types used are either Type N or Type S. BULLET MaSoN wOrK (Memory aid: every other letter is the different mortar types from strongest to weakest)
Term
Quicklime
Definition
The Quick lime is produced by burning the calcium carbonate to drive out carbon dioxide, leaving quicklime (calcium oxide). Then it is slaked by allowing it to absorb as much water as it can. Resulting the formation of calcium hydroxide, called slaked lime or hydrated lime.
Term
Masonry cements (light/dark)
Definition
cement that is tailored for use in masonry applications, when consistancy and quality are important - (like in mortar) ←-- may be incorrect, but its our best guess
Term
dry-press process (for bricks?)
Definition
used for clays that shrink excessively during drying. Clay mixed with a minimum of water (up to 10%) is pressed into steel molds by a machine working at a very high pressure.
Term
face brick
Definition
a brick selected on the basis of appearance & durability for use in the exposed surface of a wall.
Term
Appearance Grades
Definition
FBX- least shape distortion, least variation in size, minimum chippage BULLET FBS- general purpose brick BULLET FBA- non-uniformity in size and shape permitted
Term
Durability Grades
Definition
SW- any weathering region, should be specified for all brick in contact w/ the earth BULLET MW- aboveground brick BULLET NW- to be used in sheltered/indoor locations only
Term
header
Definition
a brick laid so as to bond two wythes together. For walls two or more wythes thick, headers are used to bond the wythes together into a structural unit. (pg 312)
Term
soldier
Definition
a masonry unit laid on its end with its face parallel to the wall. Architects frequently employ soldier courses for visual emphasis in such locations as window lintels or tops of walls. (pg 312/313)
Term
structural bond
Definition
The most popular structural bonds for brickwork are the common bond, running bond, Flemish bond and English bond. Figure 8.18 on page 313 shows the configuration of each.
Term
running bond
Definition
a running bond consists entirely of stretcher bricks. (pg 313)
Term
concave joint
Definition
a mortar joint tooled into a curved, indented profile.
Term
corbel
Definition
A spanning device in which masonry units in successive courses are cantilevered slightly over one another; a projecting bracket of masonry or concrete.
Term
reinforced brick masonry (RBM)
Definition
FIND THIS ONE
Term
tie
Definition
galvanized steel wire laid into bed joints and across the cavity, usually at intervals of 24 in horizontally and 16 in vertically in masonry (p326)
Term
masonry unit
Definition
FIND DEFINITION
Term
aggregate
Definition
FIND DEFINITION
Term
slaked lime or hydrated lime - page 301
Definition
process- quicklime is slacked by allowing it absorb as much water as it will hold, resulting in the formation of calcium hydroxide, called slacked lime or hydrated lime. The hydrated lime is subsequently dried, ground, and bagged for shipment.
Term
sand-struck/sand-mold brick
Definition
matte-textured surface brick. produced as the wet mold being dusted with sand before forming.
Term
stiff mud process Page 305 & 306 Figures 8.8 & 8.9
Definition
(most widely used today) Clay containing 12-15 percent water is passed through a vacuum to remove air pockets, then the clay is extruded through a rectangular die. An automatic cutter slices it into bricks.
Term
cored brick
Definition
considered as solid brick (remain at least 75% solid)
Term
firebrick - Page 310 Allen Text under Brick Classification
Definition
Bricks used for lining fireplaces or furnaces (ASTM C64 - American Society for Testing and Materials) Firebricks are made from fireclays that produce bricks with refractory qualities. Firebricks are laid in very thin joints of fireclay mortar.
Term
stretcher
Definition
A brick laid with its face parallel to the wall and its long dimension horizontal
Term
with
Definition
A vertical layer of masonry units, one unit thick. A two-wythe wall, two vertical layers of masonry units, two units thick etc. (pg 312)
Term
common bond
Definition
has a header course of brick every sixth course. Head joints are aligned between the header and stretcher courses. (pg 312 Figure 8.18)
Term
weathered joint
Definition
PHOTO FROM STUDY GUIDE
Term
raked or stripped joint
Definition
these joints can be used if the architect desires to accentuate the pattern of bricks in the wall and deemphasize the mortar joint. (pg 318) Typically only used indoors because of water penetration into the mortar joint and brick, unless you are FLW.
Term
centering
Definition
temporary formwork for an arch, dome, or vault.
Term
low-lift grouting
Definition
a method of constructing a reinforced bars are embedded in grout in increments not higher than 4 feet
Term
brick
Definition
produced by large number of relatively small factories from a variety of local clays and shales, raw material is dug from pits,crushed,ground, and screened to reduced it to a fin consistency, water used to produce plastic clay to form bricks pg 305
Term
lime - page 301
Definition
(One of the major ingredients in mortar) is produced by burning limestone of seashells (calcium carbonate) in a kiln to drive off carbon dioxide and leave quicklime.
Term
mortar cement (p. 302)
Definition
blends of portland cement, lime and other additives. formulated with limits on air entrainment that allow them to meet bond strength requirements comparable to those of cement-lime mortars. treated equally to traditional cement-lime mortars according to structural codes meaning that bond strength properties are similar
Term
water-struck brick
Definition
to keep the sticky clay from adhering to the molds, the molds may be dipped in water immediately before being filled-produces bricks with relatively smooth dense surface
Term
clinker bricks
Definition
a fused, pebblelike mass that is an intermediate product of cement manufacture; a brick that is overburned. also bricks adjacent to the fire
Term
hollow brick
Definition
PHOTO FROM STUDY GUIDE
Term
rowlock
Definition
A brick laid on its face with its end visible in the wall face.
Term
course
Definition
A horizontal layer of masonry units one unit high; a horizontal line of shingles or siding. Coursed: in masonry, laid in courses with straight bed joints.
Term
cavity wall
Definition
a masonry wall that includes a continuous airspace between its outermost wythe and the reminder of the wall.
Term
vee joint
Definition
PHOTO FROM STUDY GUIDE
Term
lintel (p. 320)
Definition
a beam that carries the load of a wall across a window or door opening. lintels of reinforced concrete, reinforced brick or steel angles are all equally satisfactory from a technical standpoint.SEE IMAGE BELOW → shows 3 types of lintels
Term
grout (p.326)
Definition
a mixture of portland cement, aggregate and water. Grout is poured into the cavity where a reinforcing steel is place and that is also between a reinforced brick wall. SEE IMAGE BELOW
Term
high-lift grouting (p. 326)
Definition
a method of constructing a reinforced wall where grout and reinforcing bars are placed one story at a time. cleanliness is ensured by temporarily omitting some of the bricks in the lowest course of masonry to create cleanout holes
Term
Igneous rock
Definition
rock that was deposited in a molten state. (page 338)
Term
granite
Definition
is the igneous rock most commonly quarried for construction in north America. Granite is nonporous, hard, strong and durable. (page 338)
Term
sandstone
Definition
is the second major sedimentary rock type used in building construction. (page 340)
Term
bluestone
Definition
a highly stratified, durable stone especially suitable for paving and wall copings. Sedimentary rock! (340) type of sandstone.
Term
fieldstone
Definition
a rough building stone obtained from riverbeds and rock- strewn fields. (340) not a rock type. A random rock you find in a field.
Term
coursed
Definition
Stone masonry configuration in which there are continuous horizontal joint lines, with each row having a constant height throughout (347)
Term
concrete masonry unit (CMU)
Definition
A block of hardened concrete, with or without hollow cores, designed to be laid in the same manner as a brick or stone; a concrete block.
Term
structural terra cotta
Definition
molded components, often highly ornamental, made of fired clay, designed to be used in the facades of buildings (glossary)
Term
sedimentary rock
Definition
rock formation created by layering of sediment deposited by water and wind and compressed into rock form by heat and pressure
Term
basalt
Definition
A very dense and durable igneous rock, usually dark gray in color; classified by ASTM C119 in the granite group.
Term
travertine
Definition
A richly patterned, marble like form of limestone; Classified by ASTM C119 in the Other Stone Group. Sedimentary rock.
Term
slate
Definition
One of two metamorphic stone groups used in construction. It was formed from clay and is a dense, hard stone that is easily split into thin sheets. It is ideal for use in paving, roof shingles and thin wall facings and comes in a variety of colors such as black, gray, purple, blue, green and red. (340)
Term
random
Definition
Stone masonry configuration which does not focus on courses. This stonework is laid very much like brickwork, except the irregular shapes and sizes of the stones require the mason to select each stone carefully to fit the available space and, occasionally, to trim a stone with a mason’s hammer or chisel (347)
Term
concrete block
Definition
a concrete masonry unit, usually hollow, that is larger than a brick
Term
autoclaved cellular concrete (ACC)
Definition
concrete with a ton of air bubbles in it, allowing for lighter weight, and is highly insulating. p368
Term
metamorphic rock
Definition
rock which was formerly igneous or sedimentary and was then transformed by heat and pressure into a new rock form
Term
limestone
Definition
type of sedimentary rock which is porous, of low to medium density, and can range in color from light grey/buff to iron oxide red
Term
brownstone
Definition
type of sedimentary sandstone widely used in wall construction
Term
marble
Definition
type of metamorphic rock (recrystallized limestone) which is easily carved and polished, occurs in nearly every color and often has intricate grain patterns
Term
dimension stone
Definition
Stone that has been quarried and cut into rectangular form (341)
Term
Ashlar
Definition
Finished dimension stone that is cut into small rectangular blocks
Term
Cut Stone
Definition
Finished dimension stone that is cut into large slabs
Term
flagstone
Definition
Thin slabs of stone, either rectangular or irregular in pattern, that are used for flooring and paving (341)
Term
point
Definition
or pointing mortar, is used as a finishing mortar. p350
Term
glass block
Definition
hollow masonry unit made of glass... duh?
Term
Loadbearing Wall
Definition
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Term
unreinforced
Definition
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Term
flashing
Definition
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Term
internal flashing
Definition
thin, impervious membrane which catches water off the interior face of the exterior wythe of a cavity wall and redirects it out weep holes in the base of the wythe
Term
(non-loadbearing)-bearing wall
Definition
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Term
composite wall
Definition
solid masonry walls of more than one wythe, with an outer wythe of stone or face brick and a backup wythe of hollow concrete masonry. The two wythes are bonded together either by steel horizontal joint reinforcing or steel ties, and the space between the two wythes is filled with mortar. (pg 378, illustrated on page 379)
Term
weep hole
Definition
a construction method used to evacuate moisture from the inter cavity wall of masonry construction to the exterior wall and prevents moisture from entering the interior wall space. When water enters the outer wythe of material and enters the cavity, it moves downward and is caught by a thin, impervious membrane called flashing and is drained to the exterior through the weep holes. (pg. 380)
Term
base flashing
Definition
GET DEFINITION
Term
reinforced cavity wall
Definition
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Term
external flashing
Definition
prevents moisture from entering into the masonry wall at its exposed top or where it intersects the roof. (pg. 390)
Term
counter flashing (p. 390)
Definition
a flashing turned down from above to overlap another flashing turned up from below so as to shed water OR one of the two flashings that overlap each other in an external flashing. it’s embedded in the masonry wall above the base flashing and extends downward, overlapping the base flashing. counterflashings are often made in two interlocking pieces, making it easier to install and remove when in need of a replacement
Term
reglet
Definition
a slot, usually horizontal, and inclined in cross section, into which a flashing or roof membrane may be inserted in a concrete or masonry surface
Term
exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS)
Definition
a cladding system that consists 1of a thin layer of reinforced stucco applied directly to the surface of an insulating plastic foam board
Term
furring strip
Definition
a length of wood or metal attached to a masonry or concrete wall to permit the attachment of finish materials to the wall using screws or nails; any linear material used to create a spacial separation between a finish material and an underlying substrate
Term
emovement joint
Definition
a line or plane along which movement is allowed to take place in a building or a surface of a building in response to such forces as moisture expansion and contraction, thermal expansion and contraction, foundation settling, and seismic forces
Term
nonmovement joint
Definition
a connection between materials or elements that is not designed to allow for movement
Term
expansion joint
Definition
a surface divider joint that provides space for the surface to expand. in common usage, a building separation joint
Term
control joint
Definition
an intentional, linear discontinuity in a structure or component designed to form a plane of weakness where cracking can occur in response to various forces so as to minimize or eliminate cracking elsewhere in the structure. also called a contraction joint
Term
efflorescence
Definition
a powdery deposit on the face of a structure of masonry or concrete, caused by the leaching of chemical salts by water migrating from within the structure to the surface
Term
spall
Definition
the cracking or flaking of the surface of concrete or masonry units, caused, for example, by freeze-thaw action, corroding reinforcing, or pointing mortars that are harder and stronger than the mortar deeper in the masonry joint
Term
repointing
Definition
the process of removing deteriorated mortar from the zone near the surface of a brick wall and inserting fresh mortar
Term
tuckpointing
Definition
traditionally a method of finishing masonry joints using mortars of different colors to artificially create the appearance of a more refined joint; in contemporary usage, may be used interchangeably with repointing
Term
parting
Definition
portland cement plaster applied over masonry to make it less permeable to water
Term
Zoning Ordinance
Definition
    • Def: A law that specifies in detail how land within a municipality be used.
    • For Example: Zoning Ordinances govern the types of activities that may take place on a given piece of land, how much of the land may be covered by buildings, how far buildings must be set back from adjacent property lines, number of parking spaces, the total amount of floor area, and how tall the buildings may be. They also include fire protection requirements, neighborhood enterprise districts or the revitalization of existing buildings (Page 8).
Term
International Building Code (IBC)
Definition
    • Def: The predominant U.S. model building codes. The IBC’s purpose in establishing occupancy groups is to distinguish various degrees of need for safety in buildings.
    • Example: Building codes in our textbooks are all based on the IBC. The IBC begins by defining occupancy groups as follows:
      • Groups A-1 through A-5 are public assembly. (theaters, auditoriums, lecture halls, nightclubs, etc.)
      • Group B is Business occupancies: (banks, administrative office, higher education, banks.)
      • Group E is Educational occupancies: (schools for grades K-12 and daycare)
      • Group F-1 and F-2 are Industrial Processes using non-combustible materials.
      • Group H-1 through H-5 include various types of High Hazard occupancies
      • Groups I-1 through I-4 are Institutional occupancies
      • Group M is Mercantile, (stores, markets, service stations and salesrooms
      • Groups R-1 through R-4 are Residential Occupancies
      • Groups S-1 and S-2 are storage buildings
      • Group U is Utility buildings, (agricultural buildings, greenhouses, carports, sheds, stables)
Term
Fire Resistance
Definition
    • Def: A fire resistance rating is the time, in hours or fractions of an hour, that a material or assembly will resist fire exposure as determined by ASTM.
    • Some strategies to increase your Fire Resistance rating include:
      • Fireblocking (a material partition used to restrict the spread of fire), fire doors, Fire partitions, Fireproofing materials, Fire protective glazing for glass, using a fire resistant material, or increasing density of material (Heavy timber construction).
Term
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Definition
Makes accessibility to public buildings a civil right of all Americans. (pg.14)
Term
Building Code
Definition
    • Def: A set of regulations set up by local governments intended to protect public health and safety by setting minimum standards for construction quality, structural integrity, durability, livability, and fire saftey in buildings. (pg.8-9)
Term
Occupancy Group
Definition
-in the international building code a definition of the types of activities that occur within the building or part of the building, relating to considerations of life safety
Term
Non-bearing wall or partition
Definition
not carrying a load from above
Term
Sustainability
Definition
providing for the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to provide for their needs
Term
Model building code
Definition
a code that is offered by a recognized national organization as worthy of adoption by state or local governments; alternatives to local governments writing their own codes, model building codes are often adopted.
Term
Construction type
Definition
    • in the International Building Code, any of five major systems of building construction that are differentiated by their relative resistance to fire.
      • Type I: made with highly fire-resistant, non-combustible materials.
      • Type II-IV: levels of fire-resistance falling between the extremes of Type I & V. (Type IV is somewhat of an anomaly, Heavy Timber Construction)
      • Type V: built from combustible wood framing; least fire resistant.
Term
Bearing wall
Definition
A wall that supports floors and roofs
Term
“Green” building
Definition
the practice of sustainable design and construction. (pg.5)
Term
Foundation
Definition
The portion of a building that transmits structural loads from the building to the earth.
Term
Windload
Definition
A force on a building caused by pressure and or wind suction. Design decisions must be made to prevent damage to the structure resulting in against shear, sliding, overturning, and uplift actions
Term
Rock
Definition
A continuous mass of solid mineral material which can only be removed by drilling and blasting.
Term
Soil
Definition
is a general term referring to any earth material that is particulate.
Term
Coarse-/fine-grained soil
Definition
    • Coarse-grained soils include gravel and sand.
    • Fine-grained soils include silt and clay. These have small ‘soil pores,’ so they do not allow water through as easily as a coarse-grained soil such as sand or gravel would.
Term
Cohesive
Definition
In terms of soils, cohesive means they retain measurable sheer strength even in the absence of confining force.  Simply put, cohesive soils tend to stick together.
Term
Test pit
Definition
Used to determine soil and water conditions beneath a site.  They are useful when a foundation is not expected to extend deeper than 16 feet, which is the maximum practical reach of small excavating machines.
Term
Sheet piling
Definition
Sheeting consisting of vertical planks of wood, steel, or precast concrete that are placed tightly against one another and driven into the earth to form a solid wall before excavation begins.
Term
Dewatering
Definition
Extraction of water from an excavation or the surrounding soil.  Most common method is removal of water by pumping as it accumulates pits created at low points around an excavation.
Term
Substructure
Definition
the occupied below-ground portion of a building.
Term
Footing
Definition
the part of a foundation that spreads a load from the building across a broader area of soil
Term

Crawlspace

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Definition
space that is not tall enough stand in , located beneath the bottom of a building. Crawlspaces are typically seen only in warmer climates where foundation damage does not occur due to the depth of the frost line. A crawlspace is often used under a floor structure of wood or steel, and gives much better access to underfloor piping and wiring than a slab on grade.
Term

Drilled pier

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Definition
a.k.a. caisson, a cylindrical sitecast concrete foundation unit that penetrates through unsatisfactory soil to rest upon an underlying stratum of rock or satisfactory soil, an enclosure that permits excavation work to be carried underwater
Term
Geotextiles
Definition
flexible fabrics made of chemically inert plastics that are highly resistant to deterioration in the soil. (earth reinforcement, drainage mat)
Term
Dampproofing
Definition
moisture resistant cement plaster or asphalt compound commonly applied to residential basement walls and to other substructures where groundwater conditions are mild or waterproofing requirements are not critical. 
Term
Dead load
Definition
permanent loads on a building, including the weight of the building itself and any permanently attached equipment. 
Term
Thrust
Definition
a lateral or inclined force resulting from the structural action of an arch, vault, dome, suspension structure, or rigid frame
Term

 Settlement

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Definition

Uniform Settlment: settlement occurs at the same rate across all portions of the building; every building settles to some degree. When all parts of a building rest on the same kind of soil, and the loads on the building and the design of its structural system are uniform throughout

 

differential settlement: where soils, loads, or struc- tural systems differ between parts of a building, different parts of the build- ing structure may settle by substantially different amounts, the frame of the building may become distorted, floors may slope, walls and glass may crack, and doors and windows may not work properly. Most foundation failures are attributable to excessive differential settlement.

 

Term
Gravel
Definition
soil particulate able to be picked up between a thumb and forefinger
Term
Silt
Definition
soil particulate too small to see with the naked eye and roughly spherical in shape
Term

Cohensionless or frictional Soils

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Definition
Cohesionless soil has little or no attraction between its particles; cohesionless soil such as sand must be excavated at a much more shallow angle to avoid the collapse of the excavation wall.
Term

Test boring

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Definition
gives an indication of the bearing capacity of a soil based on the number of blows of a standard driving hammer needed to advance a sampling tube into the soil by a fixed amount. Generally, multiple samples are taken at a single building site.
Term

Slurry wall: (p. 40)

Definition

    • (a more) complicated and expensive form of excavation support that is usually economical only if it becomes part of the permanent foundation of the building
      • Steps in constructing a slurry wall:
        • Concrete walls have been installed and the clamshell bucket beings excavating the trench through a bentonite clay slurry
        • The trench is dug to the desired depth with the slurry serving to prevent collapse of the walls of the trench
        • A welded cage of steel reinforcing bars is lowered into the slurry
        • The trench is concreted from the bottom up with the aid of a tremie (funnel-tube arrangement). The displaced slurry is pumped from the trench, filtered, and stored for reused.
        • The reinforced concrete wall is tied back as excavation progressed
Term
Sump
Definition
    • a pit designed to collect water by pumping for removal from an excavation or basement
      • most common method of dewatering (extraction of water from excavation or surrounding soil)
Term
Shallow foundation: (p. 52)
Definition
    • a building foundation located at the base of a wall or column, bearing on soil relatively close to the ground surface
      • OR transfers the load to the earth at the base of the column or wall of the substructure
      • generally less expensive than deep foundations
      • can be used where suitable soil is found at the level of the bottom of the substructure several feet or stories below ground
Term
Engineered fill: (p. 52)
Definition
    • earth compacted into place in such a way that it has predictable physical properties
    • based on laboratory tests and specified, supervised installation procedures under a soils engineer
Term

basement

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Definition
The floor of a building partly or entirely below ground level. Basements provide usable space for building occupants.
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