Masseter

Origin: zygomatic arch

Insertion: ramus and coronoid process of the mandible

Innervation: CN V, anterior trunk of mandibular nerve

Function: elevates mandible

Temporalis

Origin: temporal fossa of temporal and parietal bones

Insertion: coronoid process and ramus of mandible

Innervation: CN V, temporal branches of mandibular nerve

Function: elevates mandible, draws it back if protruded

Medial Pterygoid

Origin: medial pterygoid plate and fossa

Insertion: mandibular ramus

Innervation: CN V, mandibular division

Function: elevates mandible

Lateral Pterygoid

Origin: lateral pterygoid plate and greater wing of sphenoid

Insertion: pterygoid fovea of mandible

Innervation: CN V, mandibular branch

Function: protrudes mandible

Digastricus Anterior

Origin: inner surface of mandible at digastricus fossa, near symphesis

Insertion: intermediate tendon to junction of hyoid corpus and greater cornu

Innervation: CN V, mandibular brance (via mylohyoid brance of inferior alveolar nerve)

Function: pulls hyoid forward; depresses mandible (if in conjunction with digastricus posterior)

Digastricus Posterior

Origin: mastoid process of temporal bone

Insertion: intermediate tendon to juncture of hyoid corpus and greater cornu

Innervation: CN VII, digastric branch

Function: pulls hyoid back; depresses mandible (in conjunction with digastricus anterior)

Mylohyoid

Origin: mylohyoid line of inner mandible

Insertion: median fibrous raphe and hyoid

Innervation: CN V, mandibular branch of alveolar nerve

Function: depresses mandible

Geniohyoid

Origin: mental spines of mandible

Insertion: corpus of hyoid

Innervation: CN XII

Function: depresses mandible

Levator Veli Palatini (Levator Palati)

Origin: apex of petrous portion of temporal bone, medial wall of Eustachian tube cartilage

Insertion: palatal aponeurosis of velum (lateral to musculus uvulae)

Innervation: CN XI and X, pharyngeal plexus

Function: elevates and retracts posterior velum

Musculus Uvulae

Origin: posterior nasal spines of palatine bones and palatal aponeurosis

Insertion: mucous membrane cover of velum

Innervation: CN XI and X, pharyngeal plexus

Function: softens velum

Tensor Veli Palatini (Tensor Veli Palati)

Origin: scaphoid fossa of sphenoid, sphenoid spine, and lateral Eustachian tube wall

Insertion: palatal aponeurosis

Innervation: CN V, mandibular nerve

Function: dilates Eustachian tube

Palatoglossus

Origin: anterolateral palatal apneurosis

Insertion: sides of posterior tongue

Innervation: CN XI and X, pharyngeal plexus

Function: elevates tongue or depresses velum

Palatopharyngeus

Origin: anterior hard palate, midline of velum

Insertion: posterior margin of thyroid cartilage

Innervation: CN XI (pharyngeal plexus), CN X (pharyngeal branch)

Function: narrows pharynx, lowers velum