Origin: inferior olive

Course: ICP

Destination:  climbing fibers in the cerebellar cortex

laterality: crossed

Function: training commands to the cerebellum

Origin:  motor cortices

Course: internal capsules and cerebral peduncles

destination: inferior olive

laterality: uncrossed

function: copy of motor command and intent to inferior olive

origin: flocculus and fastigial nucleus

course: rostral- SCP; caudal- JRB

destination: rostral- VL of thalamus; caudal- direct to vestibular nuclei, indirect via fastigial nucleus to vestibular nuclei, spinal cord, and reticular formation

laterality: SCP- crossed, JRB-bilateral

Function: posture and balance control

origin: vestibular nuclei

course: JRB

destination: direct-fastigial nucleus and flocculus, indirect- flocculus

laterality: uncrossed

function: direct- sensory information; indirect- copies of upper motor neuron commands

origin: intermediate zone and vermis to interposed and fastigial nuclei, respectively

course: rostral- SCP; caudal-JRB

destination: rostral- red nucleus, VL of thalamus; caudal- ventral horns, vestibular nuclei, reticular formation

laterality: rostral- crossed; caudal- some bilateral, some uncrossed

function: corrective output to the upper motor neruons with emphasis to the trunk and proximal limbs

origin: lateral cerebellar cortex and dentate nucleus

course: superior cerebellar peduncles and cerebral peduncles

destination: pontine reticular formation, red nucleus, VL nucleus of thalamus

laterality: uncrossed

function: corrective output to upper motor neurons with primary effects on distal motor neurons 

origin: pontine nuclei

course: middle cerebellar peduncles

destination: cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei

laterality: crossed

function: copies of motor commands to the cerebellum

origin: upper motor neurons in the cortex

course: posterior limb of internal capsule to cerebral peduncles

destination: pontine nuclei

laterality: uncrossed

function: copies of motor commands to cerebellum

origin: medial vestibular nucleus

course: medial brainstem and spinal cord, continuous w/ MLF

destination: cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord, motor neurons and interneurons

laterality: bilateral, bias to crossing

functions: postural adjustments of the neck in response to changes in head position

origin: lateral vestibular nucleus

course: laterally in brain stem tegmentum, through ventral columns

destination: all levels of SC, projections to alpha and gamma motor neurons in the medial VH and interneurons in the intermediate gray matter

laterality: uncrossed, topographical organization

funciton: mediates postural adjustments in response to changes in head position; facilitates extensors and inhibits flexors

origin: medullary RF

course: through bulbar commissures and lateral column of SC

destination: interneurons of intermediate gray matter

laterality: bilateral, no somatotropic organization

function: suppresses muscle contractions in adjustments of posture and locomotion' axial and proximal limb muscles

origin: pontine RF

course: ventral RF to medulla to ventral column of spinal cord

destination: alpha and gamma motor neurons, especially interneurons

laterality:  uncrossed, no somatotropic organization

function: posture and locomotion, primarily project to axial muscles and proximal limb extensors

origin: sensori-motor cortex and some association cortex proejections

course: posterior limb of internal capsule

destination: pontine nuclei, medullary RF

laterality: bilateral, overall input predominately crossed, poor topographical organization

function: regulation of reticulospinal activity

origin: superior colliculus

course: just dorsal to ML in the midbrain and just ventral to MVST in SC

destination: lower motor neurons in medial ventral horn

laterality: crossed

function: reflex postural movements, particularly of the head, in response to visual and auditory stimuli

origin: large cells of the red nucleus

course: descends ventral ot spinal trigeminal tract, then to LCST

destination: interneurons in the spinal gray matter

laterality: crosses at the rubrospinal commissure

function: facilitates flexors and inhibits extensors to mediate balance, posture, and coordination

origin: pyramidal cells in layer V of M1, PMC, SMC, and S1

course: posterior limb of the interna capsule to the red nucleus

destination: red nucleus

laterality: uncrossed

function: conveys motor output to the red nucleus, which also recieves cerebellar inputs

origin: pyramidal cells in layer V of M1, PMC, SMC, S1 where the head is represented

course: genu of internal capsule to middle cerebral to CN nuclei

destination: cranial nerve nuclei

laterality: 3-6: bilateral; 7-10,12: crossed with some uncrossed parts; 11: uncrossed

function: upper motor neurons to the cranial nerves

origin: pyramidal cells in layer V of M1, PMC, SMC, and S1

course: posterior limb of internal capsule to middle cerebral peduncle to pyramids to lateral white matter.  lateral=lumbrosaccral

destination: motor neuron nuclei in lateral ventral horns (lateral), medial ventral horns (ventral) 

laterality: lateral-decussation of pyramids; ventral- spinal cord, anterior white commissure

function: lateral- control of alpha motor neurons and interneurons in ventral horns.  fractional movements; ventral- modulation of sensory inputs

origin: Ia, Ib, and II fibers from CNV

course: dorso-medial brainstem at and above the pons

desination: muscles of mastication, fibers arranged by muscle

laterality: uncrossed

function: reflexes, i.e. jaw-jerk reflexes

origin: small cutaneous fibers in the face

course: white matter around the spinal trigeminal nucleus

destination: VPM nucleus of the thalamus

laterality: crossed

function: pain, temperature, coarse touch from the face

origin: principal sensory nucleus of V and spinal trigeminal nucleus

course: trigeminal lemiscus near medial lemniscus; oral cavity medial and V1 lateral

destination: VPM nucleus of thalamus

laterality: crossed; some of the V3 uncrossed (large fibers only)

function: fine touch, two-point discrimination, vibration sense, proprioception, pain/temperaure from the face

origin: layers 1 and 2 of DH

course: lateral part of the spinothalamic tract

destination: VPM and MD nuclei of the thalamus

laterality: crossed at the SC

function: small receptive fields, nuerons for seperate pain sensations

origin: deep layers of the DH

course: ventrolateral white matter, medulla, pons, midbrain

destination: VPL nucleus of the thalamus

laterality: crossed at the SC, anterior white commissure

function: detection of harmful stimuli, little pain discrimination

origin: accessory cuneate nucleus

course: inferior cerebellar peduncle

destination: ipsilateral cerebellar cortex

laterality: uncrossed

function: upper limb proprioception

origin: ventral horns

course: anterolateral white matter

destination: superior cerebellar peduncles to the cerebellar cortex

laterality: double cross- spinal colrd level and decussation of the SCP

function: relays copies of UMN commands at the spinal cord level to the cerebellum

origin: clarke's nucleus

course: dorso-lateral spinal cord

destination: inferior cerebellar peduncles to the cerebellar cortex

laterality: uncrossed

function: lower limb proprioception

origin; Ia, Ib, and II fibers from dorsal columns

course: intermediate gray matter of the thoracic spinal cord

destination: synapses in clarke's nucleus

laterality: uncrossed

function: lower limb proprioception

origin: nuclei of the thalamus

course: via posterior limb of the internal capsule, sacral=medulla

destination: primary somatosensory cortex

laterality: uncrossed

function: fibers from dorsal column/medial lemniscus, spinothalamic tract (nonspecific pain and temperature), trigeminal system

origin: gracile and cuneate nuclei

course: medial medulla, sacral=ventral, becomes lateral and dorsal

destination: VPL nucleus of the thalamus

laterality: crossed at the internal arculate fibers (medulla)

function: sensory information from DC nuclei to the thalamus

origin: DRG afferents

course: dorsal white matter

destination: the cuneate and gracile nuclei

laterality: uncrossed

function: touch, two point discrimination, vibration sense, and proprioception from cutaneous afferents