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| George Creel (creel committee) |
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*WW2 gov. committee chaired by George creel
*persuaded newspapers and magazines to donate space for ads that urged Americans to save food and buy war bonds
*helped legitimize the field of public relations |
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*first real public relations pioneer
*issued a "Deceleration of Principals." This statement endorsed the concepts of openness and honesty in dealing with the public; it also marked the shift from 19th century press agentry to the 20th century public relations |
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*credited with writing the first book on public relations, crystallizing public opinion, published in 1923
*1930 Byoir organized a public relations firm that became one of the worlds largest |
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| VNRs (Video News Release) |
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*video versions of press releases
*called propaganda, currently being investigated by FCC |
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*international new media non-profit organisation that publishes submissions of otherwise unavailable documents from anonymous news sources and leaks
*founded by Chinese dissidents, as well as journalists, mathematicians, and start-up company technologists from the United States, Taiwan, Europe, Australia, and South Africa
*run by julian assange |
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concentrates on the long-term effects of exposure, on both adults and children, rather than short-term impact on attitudes and opinions
*examines whether television and other media encourage perceptions of reality that are more consistent with media portrayals than with actuality |
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| The influence of mass media created by emphasizing certain topics, thus causing people to perceive those same issues as important. |
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| asserts that a person is less likely to voice an opinion on a topic if one feels that one is in the minority for fear of reprisal or isolation from the majority |
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| The general way a news medium treats a topic. |
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| Seek and report truth, minimize harm, act independently, and be accountable. |
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| n cultivation analysis the situation in which a respondents life experiences are reinforced by what is seen on tv, thus reinforcing the effect of tv content |
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*Generally, the common current thought of the majority
*most often applied in the arts |
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*The exchange of cultural features when two distinct cultures come into continuous first hand contact
*both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct |
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*The act of "boosting," or promoting, one's town, city, or organization, with the goal of improving public perception of it
*Boosting is also done in political settings, especially in regard to disputed policies or controversial events |
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Field-Applies the scientific method to experimentally examine an intervention in the real world rather than in the laboratory
Lab-The step in the scientific method that arbitrates between competing models or hypotheses |
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| process whereby people surround themselves with only the political and social information that they find comforting, appealing, or acceptable |
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| the role of the media is to support national interests for economic and social development and to support national unity, stability, and cultural integrity |
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allows limited use of copyrighted material without requiring permission from the rights holders
i.e parody |
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| guarantees the freedom of the press to express statements on matters of public interest, as long as the statements are not made with ill will, spite, or with the intent to harm the plaintiff |
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| A set of exclusive rights granted by the law of a jurisdiction to the author or creator of an original work, including the right to copy, distribute and adapt the work |
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| Legislation that defines the rights of a reporter to protect sources. |
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| To publish an untruth about another which will do harm to that person or his/her reputation |
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spoken or transitory form of defamation of character, a legal term that refers to a falsehood presented as true which could harm the reputation of a person or entity
(spoken libel) |
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*A form of censorship in which one is prevented, in advance, from communicating certain material, rather than made answerable afterward
*prevents the forbidden material from being heard or distributed at all |
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People, animals, animated characters, objects, or the like that are used in advertising a brand and that come to be identified with the brand, in much the same way that a trademark is identified with a brand
i.e Tony the Tiger or Lucky Charms Leprechaun |
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An area of tort law broadly divided into three groups:
*trespass to the person
*trespass to chattels
*trespass to land. |
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| Fed. trade commission order in which the advertiser agrees to hault a certain advertising practice without admitting any violation of the law |
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| an order or request to halt an activity (cease) and not to take it up again later (desist); or else face legal action |
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| Advertisements or messages within advertisements, that the Federal Trade Commission orders a company to run, for the purpose of correcting consumers' mistaken impressions created by prior advertising |
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| The practice of promoting a more powerful culture over a lesser known or desirable culture |
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| Communications Decency Act |
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| first notable attempt by the United States Congress to regulate pornographic material on the Internet |
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| Telecommunications Act (1996) |
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*first major overhaul of United States telecommunications law in nearly 62 years, amending the Communications Act of 1934
*the deregulations have led to a concentration of media ownership with fewer broadcasters competing in regional markets and the elimination of many local, independent and alternative media outlets |
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| FOIA/Sunshine Laws (open records) |
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| This act allows for the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information and documents controlled by the United States Government |
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| Contributing to a beneficial outcome by negotiation, problem solving, problem analysis, clarification, or respectful behaviors |
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| provision of a statute or a regulation that reduces or eliminates a party's liability under the law, on the condition that the party performed its actions in good faith |
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| Editorial/Operating Policies |
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Editorial - Guidelines the print media follow to persuade the public on certain issues or to achieve specific goals.
Operating - Guidelines that cover the everyday problems and situations that crop up during the operation of a media organization. |
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| Direct/Indirect Action In Advertising |
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Direct - Advertising whereby the only connection the consumer has to the product is the advertising and the only way a consumer can act on the advertisement or commercial is to return a coupon or make a phone call. Direct response advertising is geared to eliminate an intermediary in the purchase process. It can utilize a wide range of media, from matchbook covers to print or radio and television, although it is typically conducted through the mail.
Indirect - Works over the long run to build a company's image and increase consumer awareness. |
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| Primary & Selective Demand |
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Primary - Promotion for commodious or generic products.
Selective - Demand for a specific brand that occurs after the primary demand (for the product class) in a product's life cycle. |
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| The process by which marketers try to create an image or identity in the minds of their target market for its product, brand, or organization. |
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| A commonly held popular belief about specific social groups or types of individuals |
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*use various forms of advocacy to influence public opinion and/or policy; they have played and continue to play an important part in the development of political and social systems
*ome have wide ranging long term social purposes, others are focused and are a response to an immediate issue or concern |
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| A person who acts as a trusted intermediary between an organization and some internal or external constituency while representing not only but mostly the broad scope of constituent interests |
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| NY Times Vs. Sullivan Case |
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| Supreme Court case which established the actual malice standard which has to be met before press reports about public officials or public figures can be considered to be defamation and libel; and hence allowed free reporting of the civil rights campaigns in the southern United States |
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| "fam" trip and travel writers/ethics |
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Fam Trip - A free (or low cost) trip for travel consultants, provided by a travel operator or airline as a means of promoting their service.
Travel Writing - A form of creative nonfiction in which the narrator's encounters with foreign places serve as the dominant subject. (Anthony Bourdain No Reservations) |
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| Three criticisms of advertising |
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Definition
| it creates false values and impels people to buy things they neither need nor want and that, in fact, may be actually harmful (such as cigarettes). |
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| 527s (advocacy political ads and sites) |
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Definition
*A type of American tax-exempt organization named after a section of the United States tax code, 26 U.S.C. ยง 527
*A 527 group is created primarily to influence the nomination, election, appointment or defeat of candidates for public office
*generally used to refer to political organizations that are not regulated by the Federal Election Commission or by a state elections commission, and are not subject to the same contribution limits as PACs |
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| Five theories of the press (media-government relationships) |
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Authoritarian Theory - According to this theory, mass media, though not under the direct control of the State, had to follow its bidding
Libertarianism or Free Press Theory - This movement is based on the right of an individual, and advocates absence of restraint
Social Responsibility Theory -This theory can be said to have been initiated in the United States by the Commission of The Freedom Of Press
Soviet Media/Communist Theory - This theory is derived from the ideologies of Marx and Engel that "the ideas of the ruling classes are the ruling ideas"
Development Communication Theory - The underlying fact behind the genesis of this theory was that there can be no development without communication
Democratization/Democratic Participant Media Theory - This theory vehemently opposes the commercialization of modern media and its top-down non-participant character |
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| What elements must be proven to win a libel suit |
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Definition
1. That he or she has actually been defamed or harmed by the statements.
2. That he or she has been identified (although not necessarily by name)
3. That defamatory statements have been published.
4. That the media are at fault.
5. In most instances that what was published or broadcast is false. |
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| Four elements/steps of a typical public relations campaign |
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Definition
1. Information Gathering
2. Planning
3. Communication
4. Evaluation |
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| Reinforcement and Crystallization |
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Definition
Reinforcement - Support of existing attitudes and opinions by certain messages.
Crystallization - The sharpening and elaboration of a vaguely held attitude or predisposition. |
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| Five basic ethical principals, and what each "generally" mean |
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1. The Principal of Golden Mean - Moral virtue lies between two extremes.
2. The Categorical Imperative - What is the right for one is right for all.
3. The Principal of Utility - Defined as the greatest benefit for the greatest number.
4. The Veil of Ignorance - Conceals roles and social differentiations and that each participant be treated as an equal member of society as a whole.
5. The Principal of Self-Determination - Love your neighbor as yourself. |
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| Four dimensions of advertising, and what each entails |
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1. Reach: How many people can get the message?
2. Frequency: How often will the message be received?
3. Selectivity: Does the medium actually reach potential customers?
4. Efficiency: How much does it cost to reach a certain number of people? (This is usually expressed as cost per thousand people. |
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| The basic differences between consumer advertising and business-to-business ads |
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1. The target audience in business advertising is much smaller.
2. Most of the products that are advertised tend to be technical, complicated, and high priced.
3. The buyers are professionals, purchasing agents whose only job is to acquire products and services for their company.
4. Personal selling plays a great role in the business arena, in advertising is frequently used to support the sales staff in the field. As a result, ad budgets in the business sector may not be as high as those as their consumer counterparts. |
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| What catharsis and stimulation mean with regard to Bobo Doll, The campaign experiments |
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Definition
Catharsis - A release of pent-up emotion or energy.
Stimulation - Viewing violence will actually stimulate an individual to behave more violently.
Catharsis and stimulation both played a major role in the Bobo Doll experiment. The children because of the back and forth with the saying that they could play with toys then they couldn't built up frustration. The children viewing violence that the adults portrayed to the Bobo dolls caused the children to be more violent to the toys. |
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| The three types of advertising agencies, and what they "offer" |
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1. Full-service Agency - Handles all phases of the advertising process. It plans, creates, produces, and places ads.
2. Media Buying Service - Specializes in buying radio and TV time and reselling it to advertisers and advertising agencies.
3. Creative Boutique - An organization that specializes in the actual creation of ads. |
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| A policy of the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC), introduced in 1949, that required the holders of broadcast licenses to both present controversial issues of public importance and to do so in a manner that was, in the Commission's view, honest, equitable and balanced |
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| A long-standing obscenity standard based on whether a book or other item contains isolated passages that might deprave or corrupt the mind of the most susceptible person. |
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| Allows bona fide candidates for public office to gain access to a broadcast medium during political campaigns. |
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| Key "themes" of Miller Vs. California |
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Definition
| The new definition of obscenity would include a test of three rules. Community standards changed to local standards. |
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| Key "themes" of Roth Vs. United States |
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| Obscenity because of this case turned into Variable Obscenity. Even if the material was not considered hardcore pornography, it could be banned if sold to minors. |
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| What are the ways that the mass media can invade someones privacy |
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1. Intrusion Upon A Persons Solitude - Wrongfully use microphones surveillance cameras and other forms of eavesdropping to record someones private activities.
2. Unauthorized Release of Private Information - Publishing private medical records that reveal that a person has a dread disease.
3. Creation of a False Impression - Closely related to libel because falsity is also involved.
4. Appropriation of Identity - Commonly involves stars and celebrities who find their names or images used without their permission in some business or promotional activity. |
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| Children deserve special consideration from TV advertisers for what reasons |
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Definition
| Because of the advertisements on television the kids tend to pester their parents into buying things for them at a young age. |
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| The study revealed that informal social relationships had played a part in modifying the manner in which individuals selected content from the media campaign. The study also indicated that ideas often flowed from the radio and newspapers to opinion leaders and from them to the less active sections of society. Thus, informal social groups have some degree of influence on people and mould the way they select media content and act on it |
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