Term
| Mass Media Guides Behavior Individually |
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Definition
consciously and unconsciously
• Ex: Help us determine if should carry umbrella
• Guide us on how to behave
➢ Ex: how to act in relationship through relationships – how to be romantic |
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Term
| Mass Media Guides our understandings Individually |
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Definition
• Perceptions of life
• Defines social structure or reality
➢ What does it mean to be a good or bad person?
• Mean world syndrome: the more TV you watch (especially violent TV), the more violent/ mean they believe the world to be
• Relationship with guide behavior because understandings influence our behavior
• Editorial function: the extent to which a media tries to shape our understanding |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of how mass media guides understanding. The more TV you watch (especially violent TV), the more violent/ mean they believe the world to be |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of how mass media guides understandings. The extent to which a media tries to shape our understanding |
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Term
| Mass Media Develops our self concept Individually |
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Definition
We identify we some characters in media and through identification helps them to develop self-concepts
• research shows that people pay more attention like-people
• role-models: both good and bad role models
➢ sex-role stereotyping and race stereotyping:
• looking at negative depictions of race minorities in mass media and the negative influence this can have
• sex-role: depictions of women are largely negative |
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Term
| sex-role stereotyping and race stereotyping |
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Definition
| Part of how mass media develops our self concept. Looking at negative depictions of race minorities in mass media and the negative influence this can have • sex-role: depictions of women are largely negative |
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Term
| Mass Media is a Professional Tool Individually |
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Definition
| • Everything from keeping up with field to giving professional guidance |
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Term
| Mass Media Facilitate social interaction Individually |
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Definition
Give people things to talk about, common ground for conversations
• People come together though discussion sites, blogs, social networking sites which may result in real physical face-to-face interaction |
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Term
| Mass Media is a Substitute for Social Interaction Individually |
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Definition
Gives indirect type of relationship, vicarious companionship
• Ex: doesn’t feel alone because watching TV
• News = most effective at fostering this feeling – say “good morning” to you |
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Term
| Mass Media Aiding in emotional release Individually |
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Definition
• Helping us emotionally
• Very effective at changing your emotions when that’s what you want to do
➢ Want enjoyment so turn on TV
• Move from one emotional state to another
• Media is very affective at influencing people’s emotions |
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Term
| Mass Media Ritualize our Lives Individually |
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Definition
Create sense of order/structure/ritual in your life
• Ex: wake up to clock radio at 6:30, eat breakfast at 7:30 while watch TV
• When depart from rituals can provoke anxiety
• Probably does this less than before because now people have more control over media
➢ Make media conform to our own schedules - DVR |
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Term
| Mass Media is a Status conferral in Society |
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Definition
| legitimize or confirm status a certain idea, social movement, person, etc is |
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Term
| Mass Media in society Passes on Norms, Values, and traditions and enforces them |
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Definition
mass media sends us messages about what is right and wrong, equality, democracy
• Learn from fiction and non-fiction media
• Media enforces by presenting deviations from norms and showing negative results as a consequence
• Media upholds status quo norms and values of society
➢ Sometimes media itself criticizes itself because goes against norms – ex: rap music
➢ Gives people across whole country same norms –homogenizes |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of how mass media in society passes on norms. Gives people the same norms across the country. |
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Term
| Mass Media in Society has a Narcotizing Effect |
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Definition
blunt the senses, distort the senses
• Mass media is a Negative function, become apathetic, mass media clutters our mind with cognitive junk (trivial) |
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Term
| Mass Media in Society Serves as a Political System: |
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Definition
• Leaders use media to communicate with public and other leaders
• Informs people for democracy’s sakes |
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Term
| Mass Media in Society serves as Social Cohesion/Community |
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Definition
• Provides base of common interest, focus, knowledge
• Seen most powerfully during times of crisis
➢ Ex: 9/11 – most people learned through mass media or learned from people who learned from mass media
➢ TV’s draw us together; reassurance comes from mass media
➢ When disaster strikes CNN will be there by providing familiar figures who are composed but yet troubled and suggests that someone is in charge → stability
• Water-cooler effect: talk about media the next morning in a diverse group
• Newspapers can bring local communities together – cohesion
• Some dispute because so many options: ex: TV now has cable so fractionalizing effect
➢ Even more so when look at internet |
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Term
| Mass Media in Society Services the economy |
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Definition
• Media is filled with advertising
• Ads help make our capitalistic community prosper, provides jobs
• E-commerce is becoming more and more important |
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Term
| Characterizations of The Book |
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Definition
| characterized by specialized, influential, permanence, re-use, personal, complex/subtle, changes our lives, respected, and are markers |
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Term
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Definition
most long term
• Used to communicate our most important thoughts/stimulate change/educate |
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Term
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Definition
throw away newspapers, and TV becomes outdated.
•Books are often stored for someone’s whole lifetime
•Storage of books is institutionalized in libraries
•Can last thousands of years – dead sea scroll |
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple people can read the same book |
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Term
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Definition
• Typically you sit alone while reading, read at your own pace, give own unique interpretation
• Can focus on parts that are most meaningful for you
• Can read quickly or slowly
• Authors can develop subject matter more than originators of any other mass media |
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Term
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Definition
| • Therefore can have greater impact on us |
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Term
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Definition
• Gives us new ways of seeing world
• Change beliefs/values |
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Term
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Definition
• Books are associated with education
• Recorded interest of human kind |
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Term
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Definition
• Markers of who we are, how we evolved
• Mark life stages as a person
• They are there as physical evidence of past |
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Term
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Definition
mass produced book that was more affordable for people
• Made book mass media
• Evaluated on popularity instead of literary value |
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Term
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Definition
| book clubs, paper back books, organizational change, education |
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Term
| Organizational Change in Books |
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Definition
| book industry became big business and huge conglomerate interested in selling as many books as possible |
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Term
| Education and its effect on Books |
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Definition
boom of education in America
• Direct strong powerful relationship between how many years of education someone has and the amount of books you read
• Books sold for educational purposes |
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Term
| Understanding the Contemporary Book |
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Definition
• Books came from small bookstores → large bookstores (Barnes and nobles) → online (Amazon)
• Big discounters: Costco, Wal-Mart
• Fastest growing sector of books is used books
• Large companies pose a concern that there will be a loss of diversity because scared of losing profits
• But independent publishing houses are multiplying |
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Term
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Definition
• Text being presented online
• Effects:
• has allowed authors an outlet for material that isn’t publishable material
• even if book out of print it can be available online
➢ global virtual library
• eBooks: creation of kindle has changed the game
➢ now outsells hardcover books on eBay
➢ apples ipad: multi media device
• vook: video accompanies the text; while reading can watch clips that have to do with the text
➢ reading a book is a physical thing: feeling, writing→ part of pleasure of reading books so electronics tries to make electronic reading more book like
➢ F-shaped pattern: readers online tend to read less and less of a line as they head down the page → much more skimming done |
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Term
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Definition
| video accompanies the text; while reading can watch clips that have to do with the text |
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Term
| Truth as Defense in Newspapers |
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Definition
➢ Purpose of spreading business info
• Eventually political pieces and then opinion pieces
• Colonial papers attacked the British monarchy
Definition: should be able to publish the truth no matter how harmful it is
• Criticize a government official as long as it is true
➢ Ex Short Answer Question: Explain what the precedent of Truth as defense was. |
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Term
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Definition
one cent for a newspaper instead of 6 cents
➢ Made newspapers mass media –available to many people daily
➢ in order to attract readers let to development of news hunters -modern news reporter |
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Term
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Definition
tended to combine sound news coverage with sensationalistic elements (stunts (ex: journalist sent around the world in a hot air balloon), elements)
• owned multiple newspapers in multiple cities→ big business |
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Term
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Definition
sensationalistic newspaper content
• crusades of reform: used to attack readers,
• made American society a better place
• led to new breed of reporter: muckrakers: seeks out and exposes misconduct in public life
• muckraking stories were effective: eliminated slums, created public parks
• drove up circulation |
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Term
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Definition
used to attack readers,
• made American society a better place
• led to new breed of reporter: muckrakers: seeks out and exposes misconduct in public life
• muckraking stories were effective: eliminated slums, created public parks
• drove up circulation |
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Term
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Definition
new breed of reporter because of crusades of reform; seeks out and exposes misconduct in public life
• muckraking stories were effective: eliminated slums, created public parks
• drove up circulation |
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Term
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Definition
organizations that go out and collect info and produce news stories that are available to members or sold
• Ex: Associated press
• Originally delivered stories over wires
• Inverted pyramid: especially used by smaller newspapers that don’t have means to investigate on their own
• Can be cut for space limitations |
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Term
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Definition
especially used by smaller newspapers that don’t have means to investigate on their own
• Can be cut for space limitations |
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Term
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Definition
some outside organization that provides content/makes content available which is purchased by newspaper
• Especially entertainment/opinion material (ex: cartoons, movie reviews, advice columns) |
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Term
| Why newspapers aren't the fasted media |
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Definition
because of radio, TV (electronic media)
• Now only come out once a day (usually in the morning)
• Changed role – now more analysis, interpretation the news; longer and greater depth stories – stories not so good for electronic media
• Circulation of newspapers goes up significantly when a big event occurs (9/11)
• Newspapers have a better display than electronic (can view all headlines), have control over where spend time (selectivity) whereas with electronic you either listen or you don’t
• Different with internet now
• Local news: births, deaths, human interest stories, possibly threatened by chain ownership |
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Term
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Definition
| births, deaths, human interest stories, possibly threatened by chain ownership |
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Term
| Three major issues with newspapers today |
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Definition
➢ Decline in advertising
➢ Decline in readership
• Especially younger readers
➢ How will newspapers interact with the internet |
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Term
| Characteristics of Magazines |
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Definition
| for elites, 1st medium to reach national audience on regular basis, specialized |
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Term
|
Definition
| by end of 19th century had 5 cent magazine: brought media to masses |
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Term
| Advertisers love Magazines because... |
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Definition
1. Specialized
2. people who read magazines are more likely to be wealthy |
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Term
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Definition
➢ Magazines require released investment
➢ Have smallest budget to operate |
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Term
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Definition
| publishers have ability to put different ads in different copies of magazines |
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Term
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Definition
type of magazine; self-published magazines
➢ Tend to be quirky that only have a handful of readers
➢ Super specialized
➢ Rise of desktop publishing that created rise in zines → allowed anyone to publish
➢ Sometime very personal and autobiographical, people who feel they aren’t published in main stream media |
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Term
| Why recording industry boomed |
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Definition
➢ interweaving of media helped as well: use of music on radio because TV took away news audience of radio
• Radio provided pre-exposure to product of recording industry
➢ Rock and roll helped recording industry
➢ FM radio
➢ Profit potential
➢ Politicization of music: challenging mores in terms of sex, counter culture of 1960’s, dominant element of 1960’s |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
thanks to download market-place, the focus is now away from album and now on single – jukebox like era
• 60’s and 70’s = era of album; meant people had to buy whole album instead of singles |
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Term
| file-sharing and CD burning |
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Definition
huge losses in sales of CD’s aren’t being compensated for by single-song sales
• moving away from possess (owning) model to access model
• over 95% of all downloads are illegal, so recording industry has to embrace digital models (using free ad supported music services)
• advertising that relates to music being streamed
• going other places to make money: ringtones, licensing deals (music used on guitar hero)
• 360 deals with artist: they will get a little money from everything you do (concert sales, songs used in ads, licensing deals, merchandise sales)
• many artists are forgoing record deals |
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Term
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Definition
they will get a little money from everything you do (concert sales, songs used in ads, licensing deals, merchandise sales)
• many artists are forgoing record deals |
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Term
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Definition
| before through recording companies and radio support, but now increasingly artists are going to facebook, myspace and going directly to public (now radio isn’t as regional and therefore heavy rotation of limited number of songs so not good way for upcoming artists to get heard) |
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Term
| music quality is suffering because of changes: |
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Definition
• high quality and fidelity of sound has been traded for convenience and portability
• home stereo sales have declined |
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Term
|
Definition
| stations associated with each other in groups; stations linked by networks to share costs |
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Term
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Definition
| used ads during programming |
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Term
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Definition
➢ radio uses electro-magnetic spectrum (EM spectrum) but there wasn’t any orderly system to assign stations a certain frequency
➢ growing idea that airwaves are a natural resource that everyone owned it so government needs to regulate |
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Term
| FCC (Federal Communications Commission) |
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Definition
• 1934 federal communications act- federal communications commission (FCC) – designated frequencies
• had to be approved for license
• all radio stations had to have a public affairs programs |
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Term
| Transformation of Radio's Organizational structure |
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Definition
went from national network media to a local medium (in terms of audience, content, source of revenue)
• Chains owning multiple radio stations have caused shift back to national medium
• Satellite radio – national
• Internet – made radio programming available to whole world |
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Term
| Transformation of Radio's Content |
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Definition
| moving from telling stories to focusing on music |
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Term
| Transformation of Radio's Function |
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Definition
radio went from being in-house, sit-down, immobile story telling to largely a non-home, mobile informer, entertainer, companion
• Partly due to changing from prime-time medium to highly selective media
• Used for different purposes at different times
• Move from collective (families listening together) to individual medium (listen in isolation for own purposes while doing something else); secondary medium |
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Term
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Definition
broadcast at certain specialized segment of audience (interest, taste, values)
• Specializes by narrow casting: done through the use of particular formats; bring content that will attract specific audience |
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Term
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Definition
| done through the use of particular formats; bring content that will attract specific audience |
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Term
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Definition
revisited the federal communication acts of 1934 and revised and revamped it
• Changed rules on how many radio station any one entity could own
• Great consolidation of industry, homogenization of culture
• → Heard the same songs, same content all over the country as radio became big business
• to make more money the same playlists were used and the playlists shrunk so heard the same songs over and over again and the amount of ads was pumped up |
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Term
| Trends to Counter effects of Telecom Act of 1996 |
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Definition
➢ radio on the internet: internet only radio station and radio stations that have internet sites
• brought back diversity of content
• counters the restrictions of broadcast radio, and overcome restrictions of time and space (archived tracks, podcasts, can listen as long as have internet)
• interactive radio stations: take info you give and offer up continuous stream of content that you have said you like or that it thinks you might like (Pandora)
• satellite radio: makes hundreds of stations available, most have no advertising
• gave competition to over the air (free) broadcasting so caused them to
• cut back on commercials,
• boosting of playlists (adding songs),
• more diverse/new formats,
• focusing more on local content,
• going digital (moving away from analogue and therefore able to compete because has better sound, compressed digital signals allow for multitasking – more channels = more variety) |
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Term
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Definition
makes hundreds of stations available, most have no advertising
• gave competition to over the air (free) broadcasting so caused them to
• cut back on commercials,
• boosting of playlists (adding songs),
• more diverse/new formats,
• focusing more on local content,
• going digital (moving away from analogue and therefore able to compete because has better sound, compressed digital signals allow for multitasking – more channels = more variety) |
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Term
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Definition
early on there were rules that the parent companies could only own a limited number of TV stations (restrictions)
➢ O & O: owned and operated; because of government regulations, had to work with affiliated stations (with contractual agreements) in order to broadcast to whole nation; you cant tell just by watching content if watching an O&O or affiliates
➢ 2/3 of programming comes form networks but the rest is syndicated and locally produced programming (5-10%)
• Syndicated: talk shows, game shows, feature movie packages, old network series |
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Term
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Definition
| owned and operated; because of government regulations, had to work with affiliated stations (with contractual agreements) in order to broadcast to whole nation; you cant tell just by watching content if watching an O&O or affiliates |
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Term
| TV's Association with Radio |
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Definition
| networks in radio started networks in radio; content came from radio programs; TV stars came from radio originally |
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Term
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Definition
| made contractual agreement with sponsors (ads) |
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Term
| Development of video tape |
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Definition
1950s; prior to this date TV was live; immense pressure from live coverage created electricity but video tape was beneficial for two reason
➢ Economic reasons: can show a program multiple times
➢ Could get rid of errors/mistakes: unexpected events actors forgetting lines |
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Term
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Definition
Uplink: ground base transmission station;
• a signal is sent from uplink to satellite and bounced off and can be collected by affiliated stations all over country; a satellite has transponder that catches signals and retransmits signals to downlinks
• affiliated stations have downlinks (receiving station/dish)
• In cable systems: affiliated stations puts programming in head end (distribution center for cable) and send to homes with cable
• Geosynchronous orbit: orbit is synchronized with earth’s rotation; satellite remains in fixed position in relation to all affiliated stations |
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Term
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Definition
| ground base transmission station |
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Term
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Definition
| pervasive, powerful, Lowest common denominator: Historically general programming to all large audience; don’t want to anger viewers • Largest audience of all mass medias • Because of competition from cable, audiences are smaller (more specialized TV shows) |
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Term
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Definition
online internet only series
• Rather unorganized and unestablished so far |
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Term
| TV user generated content |
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Definition
| programming comes from common everyday people posting |
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Term
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Definition
| user generated content is usually on social networking sites; both key in dominant media trend of our time → convergence (all aspects of media merging and melding) |
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Term
| Four basic types of Media Support Systems: |
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Definition
| Audience, Advertising, Audience and Advertiser Support, and Subsidized |
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Term
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Definition
: media that audience pays for directly
• Put money down and receive book |
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Term
| Advertising Supported Media |
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Definition
content is provided for free to audiences but the money is made by selling up these audiences to advertisers which recoup their advertising costs when they sell services and products to public
• Economic Aspects:
• Advertisers are interested in:
• size of audience and composition of audience |
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Term
| composition of audience (demographics) |
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Definition
➢ geographic factors (more bang for your buck in urban cities), age (specifically interested in 18-49 year old), gender, income, emplyment patterns,
➢ do demographics match the demographics of those who buy our product |
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Term
| How Size of Audience is Determined |
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Definition
➢ books: how many copies are sold; CDs: see how many units are sold;
➢ broadcast media (radio and TV): TV audiences are measured by AC Nielsen company – take random sample of households and use them as representative of country as a whole and equip them with technology that allows the company to see what is being watched and by what members |
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Term
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Definition
| take random sample of households and use them as representative of country as a whole and equip them with technology that allows the company to see what is being watched and by what members |
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Term
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Definition
| each member of family has to push a button on device when start watching and end watching |
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Term
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Definition
| number of TV homes watching a particular program divided by the number of all TV households in America |
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Term
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Definition
number of TV homes watching a particular program divided by number of TV households in America with TV on at that particular time
• More accurate measure of how a particular program is doing against competition |
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Term
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Definition
local markets need numbers so certain months of the years where local markets are determined (November, February, and May)
• Provide estimates of local TV audiences
• Used to set local advertising rates
• Traditionally figured out with a diary system
• During sweeps months is when big movies are shown in order to gain audience
• Recent changes: biggest markets use people meters now instead of diaries |
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Term
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Definition
cell-phone like device and measures TV viewing automatically
• Now ratings depend on number of people who watch commercials instead of program; any shows that you watch within three days of original airdate will be included in rating, ratings given a boost from DVR because can watch two shows on at same time |
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Term
| Audience and Advertiser Support |
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Definition
combination
• ex: pay-cable, pay for content and there is ads
• magazines – you pay for it but there are also ads |
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Term
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Definition
private or public subsidy; media is supported by federal government for example
• Som corporations have newspapers that the money comes directly from company itself
• Ex: public radio, TV
• Complicated by fund drives |
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Term
| Concentration of Mass Media |
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Definition
➢Few huge corporations own combination of mass media
•Concern is so much of info and entertainment is owned by few; issue of control
➢Despite concentration, media choices have expanded exponentially in the last couple of years; diversification made possible by same technologies |
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Term
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Definition
argues that the news media has a strong influence over audience because of power to choose what stories to cover as well as how much space and attention is given to a story
➢ Things we see the most will be the most present on our minds
➢ Media is telling us what to think about, not necessarily how to think about it |
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Term
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Definition
| • How stories are chosen for the news; everyday there are hundreds of potential stories but only a few are chosen for the news |
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Term
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Definition
journalist say they report the world as it is; simply showing a mirror to world/society; reflecting the world as it is
➢ Counter argument to agenda settings
➢ Flaw: even real mirrors are limited in scope; mirrors can distort images |
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Term
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Definition
metaphor used to describe anyone who controls access to something; in context of media it is a person who has ability to filter/influence media content
➢ Occurs at all levels of media
➢ How is news chosen? What makes something news worthy? |
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Term
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Definition
| good visuals, Events (pseudo events), timely, drama, conflict unusual/unpredictable, proximity, personalized, |
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Term
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Definition
refers to images that are interesting, entertaining or high production value
• Refers to visual bias in news; more likely to be chosen
• Might not have a lot of news value though
• Ex: live car chases, coverage of forest fires, viral video of the wedding dancing to Chris Brown’s “forever”
• Many times the visuals become the story with the report commenting on the image |
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Term
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Definition
has a discreet time and place of occurrence; something that happens
• Ex: initial recording of BP oil gusher
• Not focused on complex concepts: so an investigative report on what happened leading up to oil spill
• Connected events are pseudo events: something that is staged primarily for the purpose of media exposure
• Ex: most corporations and politicians use pseudo events (press conference), rescuing of Jessica Lynch (captured and held in Iraqi hospital and rescued but later the rescue was proven false) |
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Term
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Definition
refers to how new the story is
• News organization always want to be first to break story therefore old stories wont get as much coverage
• Ongoing stories get less and less attention |
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Term
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Definition
refers to stories that follow a narrative structure with beginning, middle, and end
• News organizations latch onto
• Usually not very complex; usually human interest stories
• Ex: trapped minors in Chile
• Story stops with the end of the drama |
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Term
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Definition
revolves around two competing sides or viewpoints
• Sometimes the conflict is enhanced by the media to create more controversy (may only report on differences because don’t say similarities)
• Process of resolving conflict isn’t as sellable
• Ex: Sports rivalries
• Applies to political news as well: focusing on conflict and on winner loser game even though all is a democracy
• Fewer stories about how a party will affect policy change and the US as a whole
• Rarely exposed to both sides |
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Term
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Definition
story that is weird or out of the ordinary will get coverage
• Ex: balloon boy, car thief scolded mom for leaving kid in a car |
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Term
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Definition
the closer a story is to home, the more likely it is to get attention
• Especially true for local news
• Rarely hear about international stories unless there is a connection to US interest
• Ex: in LA when it rains (sprinkles) it becomes a story |
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Term
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Definition
refers to human interest stories – stories that focus on people and their personal struggles
• Viewed as universal because tap into nature of human experience
• News organizations like to play up because people play into them
• Ex: mom reunited with baby who she thought died |
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Term
| Organization Factors for why a story is chosen |
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Definition
refers to organization structure of news affects the ways stories are chosen
-Beat system
-pack journalism
-deadlines
-technology |
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Term
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Definition
way to cover all potential news in specific areas routinely
• Beat means concentrating on particular area or category
• Reporters who follow beat have a specific focus
• Ex: white house beat, fine arts beat, sports beat, etc |
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Term
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Definition
coverage of one story by major news organization will result in other journalist or news organizations will follow suit
• News organizations cover same thing
• News becomes homogeneous
• Ex: extended coverage of death of Michael Jackson, Bernie Madoff scandal, covering virtual strip-downs at the airport |
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Term
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Definition
| news has to be in by a fixed time in order for it to be reported, has to meet a deadline within news organization itself |
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Term
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Definition
organizations have satellite, live transmissions, helicopters as part of news coverage
• Feel compelled to use them even if doesn’t result in something newsworthy
• Feel compelled because its expensive
• Satellites allow for more than just local coverage
• cell phone pictures give average citizens the ability to cover news
• technology directing news in a sense |
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Term
| Factors within News People For why a story is chosen |
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Definition
| subcultural bias, political bias |
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news people often work with people of similar points of view may bias framing or selection of news
• Share a culture that is unique to profession so subculture may bias framing or selection of news
• Varies from situation to situation |
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political affiliation of news people may affect what their reporting even though its not supposed to
• Common claim is media has liberal bias
• Ex: Katie Couric interview with Sarah Palin thought to be too hard on Palin
• Findings have shown that it is more complex than that
• Today’s journalist are more conservative than general public
• Some argue that the media owners dictate agenda |
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| privacy, basic obligation to human beings, courts, conflict of interest, gifts/payola, stereotypes, checkbook journalism, accuracy of information, undercover reporting, question of taste |
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individuals right to privacy versus publics right/desire to know
• Extends to celebrities, politicians, and companies
• Where to draw line? Complicated by the fact that public want dirt on others and want to pay |
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| Basic Obligation to Human Beings |
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social responsibility when conflict between being a journalist and being a human being
• At what point should reporters put down camera and help
• What makes a better journalist and what makes a better human being |
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centers on legal standards established at state and federal level and to role of media in role of media in relation to judicial process
• Freedom to have a speedy, fair and public trial by jury of ones peer and freedom of speech
• Will story taint jury selection process, will it publicly prevent/hinder trial
• If press involved in court situation, they can bias story |
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any situation in which a journalist may stand to benefit personally from a story which they produce
• Journalist may have interest in story that compromises objectivity
• Real or hidden bias
• Affects what stories are told and will they bias reporters view
• Journalist writing books about issues they cover
• If money at stake, then can affect objectivity |
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• payola = term from 1930 to describe DJ’s getting paid to play certain songs, paying something to get something on the news
• To refuse gifts and special treatment if compromise journalistic integrity |
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media has to avoid false stereotypes
• Disney has come under fire for stereotyping
• Sensitivity is term often used
• How do you portray certain groups |
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issues of paying for stories
• Frowned on and discouraged
• Paying to get the story while payola is getting paid |
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presentation of facts are supposed to be truthful and accurate; should test accuracy at all levels
• Journalists should always question sources motives
• Never supposed to exaggerate or falsification of stories |
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quite popular because gets the news; reveal hidden corruptions
• Code of ethics says to avoid hidden methods to get information |
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medias are increasingly accused of having bad taste to get readership
• Should you air something to get the ratings? |
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| Sex, Swearing, and Satanism |
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| The Right is very concerned with 3S’s |
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: majority rules through elections, there are certain rights that you have that cant be violated regardless of what the majority thinks – embodied in Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments of constitution) and protect you from tyranny of majority
• Bill of Rights: 1st amendment – congress shall make no laws abridging freedom of speech or freedom of press |
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| even if majority votes for no freedom of speech it is protected by the 1st amendment |
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| Philosophical Basis of 1st Amendment |
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| • Traced to idea of free men: John Milton, Thomas Jefferson and John Stuart Mill |
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| John Milton's marketplace of ideas |
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| realm of idea be a free market place so ideas con compete amongst themselves and good ideas will beat out bad ideas; best test of truth is that it can beat out other ideas in unregulated market; truth will emerge victorious |
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| human beings are rational creatures and if ideas weren’t regulated and through reason the majority would make sound decisions for society, can only govern well if unfettered press |
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| John Stuart Mill: three pronged defense of freedom of speech |
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| 1. as opinion is silenced the truth may be silenced as well, 2. even a wrong opinion may discover an element of truth necessary to discover the whole truth, 3. Even if commonly accepted opinion is the whole truth, people will hold it not as rational belief but as prejudice if they have not had to defend it – importance of defending your ideas in the face of disagreement, only when defend do you make it your own and give reason for believing it |
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Government cant prevent you from saying/printing anything and cant force you to say anything
• As long as everyone can say what they want to, the truth will win out in the end even if bad things are said ; preferred remedy to harmful speech is more speech (not enforced silence) |
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| interpret it literally; say whatever you want |
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| Some restrictions are necessary but no restrictions should be allowed simply because the speech is unpopular; purpose of first amendment is to foster widest range of ideas so public debate should be uninhibited; protecting currently unpopular ideas from suppression by majority rule; |
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| speech leads to such great amount of social harm that courts can step in and monitor (determined by those sitting on the court) |
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• Defining the exception: subjective, differs from time to time, place to place, person to person;
• Necessary cost-benefit analysis that must be conducted when create exception: more social harm will come from allowing speech then preventing it; when prevent certain speech is and of itself is a social harm because pushing aside right |
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Term
| Advertisers Prime Demographics |
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Definition
• 18-49 year old demographics - like because don’t have fixed consumer patterns/brand loyalty; love because they will be around longer to buy things; older people are more likely to live alone but younger people have families so need to buy for more people
• ideal viewer: women (buy for family) of about 35 (old enough to have money)
• Baby-boomers: advertisers are paying more attention to older people than in the past because baby-boomer are too big a group too ignore and they are more willing to try new things than previous generations; cling to idea of being youthful and have expendable income |
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Definition
| Spot (ad) Advertising using a scatter plan, Sponsored Advertising, Institutional Advertising |
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Term
| Spot (ad) Advertising using a scatter plan |
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Definition
| spread ads over a variety of different shows; newer more popular method |
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one advertiser would sponsor a show, one would buy all the ad space for the program; older method – became too costly and wasn’t terribly efficient; gave too much control to corporations so the networks left this situation;
• content of other media is very much affected by corporate advertisers; ex: magazines that accept cigarettes ads are much les likely to have ads that tell about dangers of smoking
• still sponsored situations but is the expectation to the rule |
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| Institutional Advertising |
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| messages that aim to develop the image of an advertiser, generate good will towards company and eventually consumers will buy the products; align company up with some good causes |
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| Ex: product placement, direct mail/junk mail, billboards, benches, pens, etc |
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protects copyrights and trademarks, punishes false advertising, can issue cease and desist, can fine/jail you if fail to comply,
• Most cases brought to FTC are by competing companies or consumers
• Can force advertisers to run corrective ads: if been found guilty of false advertisers then you have to run another ad pointing out how you lied |
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| if been found guilty of false advertisers then you have to run another ad pointing out how you lied |
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| Regulation of Advertising |
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if certain types of ads relating to issues of public importance
• can force networks to run ads showing another view on product (public service announcements) |
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• If a brand name becomes too popular you can lose legal rights to that name. If enters English language then a company can lose rights to it
• Ex: aspirin, yo-yo, escalator,
• In danger: Vaseline, Frisbee, jell-o, tivo, google |
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primary emotion that ads appeal to; unless you buy/use this product something will be wrong; wont have sex appeal, have fun, bad breath; after showing fear, offer product to alleviate the fear
• Not universally successful |
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integrate ads with entertainment content of particular media
• Most deals with product placement
• Interweave plot lines with products sometimes |
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| Advertising Techniques and Strategies |
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Definition
| emotion of fear, integrated ads, use of celebrities, promise of status, rationale appeal, testimonials, informercials, etc |
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| uses digital technology where ads are superimposed on TV screen, used especially in sports shows |
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when enter search, certain results are paid to be there
• Easy to measure if people pay attention to ads and if lead to sale |
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| sponsored searches, overlays, hypertargeting, flog |
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| ads appears on part of the screen and maybe only part of the time |
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scour your profiles online and find out interest and then deliver ads related to that
• Through use of cookies can monitor where you go
• Controversial, privacy complaints |
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| fake blog; a company is behind it |
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| thirty minute ads (usually TV) consisting of demonstrations or talk show style, shown at times that aren’t popular; often start by dramatizing problem and then a product that can alleviate it, bonuses giveaways and finally lead to unbelievably low prices |
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the most expensive ads; has by far the largest audience fro any time during the year, viewers expect good commercials;
• Internet adds to phenomena: if miss ad can see it alter online, forward ad to a friend – extending ads reach
• Ads that people actually want to watch |
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➢ Made outside of Hollywood studio
➢ Takes much less money to make
➢ Usually don’t have usually big movie stars
➢ Win a disproportionate amount of awards at academy awards
• Specialty divisions: fox’s searchlight in order to gain prestige and access to very talented talent and some of the profit of independent films
➢ Independent films also take a portion of audience of foreign films
➢ Things that helped indie films:
• Cineplex-ation of America; Cineplex = movie theater with more than one screen – often have so many screens that smaller films are shown |
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| comfy seats, stadium style seating so someone’s head doesn’t block the movie, high ceilings → fighting reason that people have to stay home |
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• Video: (VHS, DVD) initially when video came about, film studios were worried it would kill their business but also an additional revenue stream to sell videos to video stores
• Then sold directly to customers: |
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films made at teenagers cost less to be produced; also teenagers are the only repeat audience (go to theaters multiple times to see same movie(repeat business)), also more often buy food
• not really affected by critics or reviews
• tend to be impatient and therefore want to see films right away
• opening of a film is very important and is a key signifier of future success |
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• High impact/high involvement – no interruptions and large images pull you into its world versus TV intruding on your world
• Used during WWII as propaganda by both sides |
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in 1915 (miracle case) Supreme Court ruled that film is not an important outlet for the expression of ideas and that it is simply a business so the government has a right to censor film and regulate it
• Last thing the studios wanted so stepped forward a system of self-regulations what is called the Hays Office and the Hays Code (symbol = scissor cutting into film) |
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| Hays Office and the Hays Code |
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system of self-regulations for films
-• all films submitted to the office and had to be approved (office was very strict) |
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| causing distribution of film to change |
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| initially very short films of bad quality, internet can be a way of distributing, increasingly now the net is becoming increasingly important part of business → downloads online |
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| misunderstood lyrics; came form fold songs |
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