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§Describes the structures of the body
§What they are made of
§Where they are located
§Associated structures |
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§Is the study of
§Functions of anatomical structures
§Individual and cooperative functions |
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| Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy |
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| examines large, visible structures |
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| groups of organs working together |
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| examines cells and molecules |
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| study of cells and their structures |
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| study of tissues and their structures |
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| processes within and between cells |
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| functions of specific organs |
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| functions of an organ system |
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The Chemical (or Molecular) Level |
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§Atoms are the smallest chemical units
§Molecules are a group of atoms working together |
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§Cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together |
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§Tissues are a group of similar cells working together |
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An organ is a group of different tissues working together |
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§Organ systems are a
group of organs working
together
Humans have 11
organ systems |
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| What are the 3 noninvasive techniques used to assess certain aspects of body structures and functions? |
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| palpation, auscultation, and percussion |
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| The examiner feels body surfaces with the hands; an example would be pulse and heart rate determination |
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The examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs, as in listening to the lungs or heart. |
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§The examiner taps on the body surface with the fingertips and listens to the resulting echo. |
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| all body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment |
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| What are the 2 mechanisms of regulation? |
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Autoregulation
Extrinsic regulation |
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Autoregulation (intrinsic) |
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§Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change |
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§Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems |
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Processes the signal and
sends instructions |
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The Role of Negative
Feedback |
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§The response of the
effector negates the
stimulus
§Body is brought back
into homeostasis
§Normal range is achieved |
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The Role of Positive
Feedback |
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§The response of the
effector increases
change of the stimulus
§Body is moved away
from homeostasis
§Normal range is lost
§Used to speed up processes |
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§Systems work together
to maintain homeostasis |
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§work to restore balance
§Failure results in disease
or death |
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| hands at sides, palms forward |
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§References to palpable
structures |
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§Body regions
§Abdominopelvic
quadrants
§Abdominopelvic regions |
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§Reference terms based
on subject |
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Above or at a higher level
In humans towards the head |
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| Below or at a lower level |
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Towards the bodies longitudinal axis
or
Towards the midsaggital plane |
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Away from the body's longitudinal axis
or
Away from the midsaggital plane |
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| Away from an attached base |
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| At, close or near the body's surface |
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| Away from the body's surface |
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| a slice parallel to a plane |
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§Used to visualize internal
organization and
structure
§Important in radiological
techniques |
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| techniques allow physicians to peer inside the body to provide clues to abnormal anatomy and deviations from normal physiology in order to help diagnose disease |
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Transversely
or
Horizontally |
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Seperates inferior and superior portions of the body.
Also called a cross section |
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| Seperates right and left portions |
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The plane passes through the midline
Dividing the body as right and left sides |
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Seperates anterior and posterior portions of the body
Coronal refers to passing sections through the skull |
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Body cavities have two
essential functions |
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Definition
§Protect organs from
accidental shocks
§Permit changes in size and
shape of internal organs |
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Ventral body cavity
(coelom) |
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§Divided by the diaphragm:
§Thoracic cavity
§Abdominopelvic cavity |
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§Line body cavities and
cover organs
§Consist of parietal layer
and visceral layer
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§Separated into regions
§Right and left pleural
cavities
contain right and left lungs |
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Part of Thoracic Cavity
–upper portion filled
with blood vessels,
trachea, esophagus,
and thymus
–lower portion
contains pericardial
cavity |
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Part of the Mediastinum
The heart is located in this cavity |
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The Abdominopelvic
Cavity |
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| Contains the peritoneal cavity, Abdominal Cavity, and Pelvic Cavity |
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| chamber within abdominopelvic cavity |
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| lines the internal body wall |
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Superior Portion of the abdominopelvic cavity
Diaphragm top of pelvic bones
Contains digestive organs |
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–Area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to muscular body wall
–Contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive tract |
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Inferior portion of the Abdominopelvic Pelvic Cavity
Within Pelvic Bones
Contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder |
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