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| thin- walled extensions of the body wall that have many blood vessels calle capillares, which allow for the easy absorption of oxygen (pg. 126) |
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| flap of bony plates and tissue that protects the gills (pg. 156) |
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| the fines of bony fish consist of thin membranes that are supported by bony spines, which are fin rays, they differ from the typical stiff, fleshy fins of cartilaginous fishes (pg. 157). |
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| “paddle-like” bony fins (pg. 171) |
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| - a gas filled sac just above the stomach and intestine. It allows the fish to adjust its buoyancy to keep from sinking or rising. This is significant development that compensates for the relatively heavy bony skeleton. (pg. 157) |
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| the sperm is directly transferred from males to females through the act of copulation. |
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| the release of gametes into the water, or broadcast spawning, is more common in fishes, however. |
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| coloring that conceals or disguises an animal’s shape. A form of protective coloration use to make an organism less visible or attractive to predators. |
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| When a population of organisms have special coloration or pattern that help them blend together so that it makes it harder for a predator to pick out any one individual. In case of a marine animal, the coloration helps to break up the outline of the fish. |
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| Warning (‘Advertisement’) coloration |
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Definition
| used by some animals that have venom, spines, stingers, foul scents, or are toxic, to advertise to predators that they are not desirable prey. |
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| Have silver and white bellies (ventral surface) in sharp contrast to dark backs (dorsal surface) To a predator looking down the ocean depths are dark blue. Viewed from above the dark back of a countershaded blends in against the dark depths. Look up, however the sun helps to create a light surface, where the ventral surface is silver and white it helps to blend into the ocean light. (pg. 159 & pg. 344) |
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| Sensory System. Use their lateral line to stay in touch with schoolmates and to detect predators. |
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| cartilage skeleton, pores for gas exchange (as opposed to gills), jaws absentand mouth is for sucking and rasping, evolved earliest of vertebrate fish |
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| produce slimy mucous and have sensory tentacles around the mouth area |
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| parasitic and spawn in freshwater |
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| Jaws independent of their skulls. Skeleton is hardened cartilage. Pair of lateral fins and one tail fin. Sharks have a dorsal fin. All have 5-7 gill slits with no covering. Males have claspers that are used to deliver sperm to females. Egss can develop outside the female, independently inside the female (most common) or create egg cases. |
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-Sharks can swim with their mouths open and can pump water to an extent
-Sharks can’t ventilate water very efficiently
-Of the 350 species of sharks, 25 are known to attack people
-Whale sharks are not carnivorous, feed on plankton |
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| largest group of marine fishes (96% of fish and half of all vertebrates), bony skeleton, cycloid or ctenoid scales (thin and overlapping), Laterally compressed; leisurely swimmers with burst of speed. |
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| What are the major differences between these two groups? |
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Definition
-cartilaginous fish
-mouth ventrally located
-gill slits
-upper lobe of tail usually longer than lower lobe
-placoid scales
-bony fish
-mouth usually terminal
-operculum (gill cover)
-both lobes of tail equal length
-cycloid scales
-they have a swim bladder |
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Definition
-cartilaginous fish
-fish, marine mammals such as seals and whales, marine invertebrates
-bony fish
-sea carrion or anything that drifts
-plankton |
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| How do they maintain their vertical position in the water? |
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Definition
| -vertical fins are used for stabilization |
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| What is the structure of their fins and scales? |
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Definition
| -bony fish have flattened bony scales whereas sharks have tooth-like scales |
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| What senses do they have? |
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Definition
| -vision, taste, smell, hearing, vibration (lateral line), electric fields (ampullae of lorenzini) |
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| What kind of fertilization and embryonic development occurs within each group? |
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Definition
-cartilaginous fish
-oviparous (eggs/external development)
-ovoviviparous (eggs/internal development)
-viviparous (maternal connection/internal development)
-most bony fish species are oviparous, reproducing by external fertilization after the female sheds large numbers of small eggs. however, some species do carry out internal fertilization and live birth |
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For Bony Fishes:
Know the relationship between body form and swimming style, and between mouth form and feeding style. |
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Definition
-adaptations for fast swimming
-reduced drag (streamlined shape)
-O2 storage
-high % red muscle
-no swim bladder
-increased muscle temp |
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| What functions does coloration serve? |
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Definition
-cryptic coloration, disruptive coloration, warning coloration, countershading
-allows fish to blend in with their environment
-able to hide from predators
-can help catch prey |
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| What functions does schooling serve? |
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Definition
-survive and reproduce in sufficient numbers
-safety against predators |
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| How does migration fit into the life history of some fishes? |
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Definition
o Many fish do dramatic migrations. They have somewhat of a life cycle migration and do a yearly migration. Also pacific salmon spawn in fresh water springs and swim back out into the ocean coast. Then they swim back to the stream they hatched in, spawn and die.
o Eels go out to sea to spawn and migrate to freshwater to develop as adults. US populations as well as European populations travel out to the sargasso sea, spawn there, and the larvae swim back to fresh water. |
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