Term
| What are the problems w/ Direct observation? |
|
Definition
Biased toward:
-Near-surface prey capture
-Protracted captured events
-Large prey
Only reliable w/otters (otters comsume prey at the surface) |
|
|
Term
Way to characterize MM diet?
(3-7 points) |
|
Definition
1. Observation
2. Digested prey remains:
-Stomach contents
-scats (feces)
3.Chemical composition of tissues:
-Fatty acids
-Stable isotopes |
|
|
Term
| What are the hard part in a whale, dolphins, fishes, and squid called and why are they important? |
|
Definition
whale=waxy ear plugs
dolphins=teeth
fishes-otoliths
squid=beak
... they show the age of the animal. |
|
|
Term
Phylogeny & Feeding ecology
(6 species) |
|
Definition
Pinniped=Graspers (single prey)
Sirenians=Grazers (plants)
Otters=Graspers (single prey)
Mysticetes=Strainers (multiple prey)
Odontocetes=Graspers (single prey) |
|
|
Term
| What is a Ligamentous mandibular symphysis? |
|
Definition
| Ligement at mandible that allows the jaw to extend |
|
|
Term
Morphological Adaptations for Mysticetes
(5 points) |
|
Definition
-Baleen
-Greatly enlarged buccal cavity
-Ligamentous mandibular symphysis
-Cavum ventrale
-Throat grooves |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 forageing behaviors of Mysticetes |
|
Definition
-Skimmers
-ex. Right Whales
-Gulpers
-ex. Balaenopterids (Blue,Sei, Humpbacks, fin)
-Sifters(feeding on the bottom)
-Gray whale |
|
|
Term
| Which species of whale uses bubble net feeding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Examples of each forageing behaviors... (whales) |
|
Definition
-Skimmers= Right Whales
-Gulpers= Blue,Sei, Humpbacks, fin
-Sifters= Gray whale |
|
|
Term
| Who are the Cheetahs of the deep? |
|
Definition
Short-finned pilot whales
(using D-tags "Soto" learned how pilot whales max depth could go to exreme speeds of 9 m/s) |
|
|
Term
| Sea Otter Foraging Behavior |
|
Definition
-obsuved from shore using a telescolope
-Each of otter has a variation in thier diet
-Mothers are passing there teachings on to their daughters(maternal transmission) |
|
|
Term
Foraging Behavior of Bottlenose Dolphins
(5 points) |
|
Definition
-Fish whacking (stuning a fish)
-Kerplunking (the MM wacking a fish using thier flukes out of the water)
-Stand feeding
-Crater feeding (creating holes on the bottom)
-Begging |
|
|
Term
| Where and what kind of dolphins use sponges on their rostrom? |
|
Definition
-In Shark Bay, Australia
-Mostly females (passed from mother to daughter) |
|
|
Term
| Odontocetes have co-operative foraging like what? (3 points) |
|
Definition
-Finding food
-Concentrating food
-Capturing food
-Mud feeding & bubble feeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Cost
*sharing food
-Benefits
*Increased foraging success |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forage in groups 3's (Transients are mm eatters) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
MM's as prey...
Tiger sharks vs Dolphins |
|
Definition
-Dolphins go significantly deeper in the warm months
-Highest in the shallow water during the colder months
-Dolphins have ability to echolocate in shallower water more are for dolphin
-Trade off between food availability & predation |
|
|
Term
| What is Sloughed Skin/Excretion? |
|
Definition
| when an animal flukes of breaks amounts of slough skin appear @ surface of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Otters were getting killed
-Red sea urchins were eatting in the kelp
-But the MMPA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inject Biomass to Benthos |
|
Definition
-After floating and feeding pelagics, carcass heads for the bottom
-Whale falls provide habitat & energy for deep sea biota
-Seasonal flux to the benthos |
|
|
Term
| Whale carcasses attract what? |
|
Definition
-Migrating white sharks
-Resident tiger sharks
-Killer whales
-some reef fishes |
|
|
Term
| Theory that humans and whales/seals are in direct competition for fish |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-The devil (lol)
-want to kill, sell, destory & burn 6 million harp seals
-because they are eatting all the fish that his aquaculture does |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants detemering abundance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carivores detemering abundance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a species that plays a critical role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community and whose impact on the community is greater than would be expected based on its relative abundance or total biomass.
ex. otters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| killer whale->otter->urchins->kelp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
was competely dissameted in about 20 years
-fed on forest canopy: huge roll in the community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| National Research Council |
|
|
Term
| North Pacific Trophic Dynamics |
|
Definition
study suggested that collapes of whale biomass, habor seals, then decline then fur seals, then sea lions and then sea otters
-so killer whales where feeding down |
|
|
Term
| What determines the type of food an animal will eat? |
|
Definition
-Behavioral ecology
-experimentation, field observation, modeling
-Time& energy budgets
-Many similarities to microeconomics |
|
|
Term
what are the Basic steps of foraging?
(6 points) |
|
Definition
-Travel (between pacth)
-Search (within a pacth)
-Detection
-Pursuit
-Capture
-Handling |
|
|
Term
Basic foraging theories
(4 points) |
|
Definition
-Ideal free distribution
-Function Responses
-Optimal foraging theory
-Marginal Value Theorem |
|
|
Term
Optimal Foraging Theory
(4 points) |
|
Definition
-Predicts that an animal should choose types of preys, size's of prey &prey patch that maximize it rate of energy gain
-Assumes energy intake is a good proxy of fitness
-Rules by which animals maximize rate of food intake/ unitimite or minimize time needed to meet energy requirents
-Often used in the context of determining optimum breadth of the diet (ex. prey, species, sizes, patch type) |
|
|
Term
Costs & Benefits of acoustic communication
(3 points) |
|
Definition
-Neutral=benefit to both the sender & receiver
-Manipulation= benefit to the sender & cost to the reciever
-Eavesdropping=benefit to the receiver & cost to the sender |
|
|
Term
| What are the four modes of communication? |
|
Definition
-Chemical
-Tactile
-Visual
-Acoustic |
|
|
Term
| Sharing of info between individals->communication signal->Produced by a sender->Transmitted by reciever->Imparts info to the receiver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of communication is best over long distance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can we actually hear the humpback songs? |
|
Definition
| yes (up to 2kHz; our hearing is 20Hz-2kHz) |
|
|
Term
| which type of sound subside more quickly? (high freq or low freq) |
|
Definition
| high freq sounds disipate more quickly |
|
|
Term
Why do cetaceans vocalize?
(5 points) |
|
Definition
-Reproduction advertisement
-Long range communication
-Group recognition
-Individual recognition
-Referential communication |
|
|
Term
| Transitions betweens songs |
|
Definition
Whale songs are made up of sound and than repeated
Birds and add to there song |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-mostly produced by males
-produced mostly on the breeding grounds
-changes over time; changes matched by all males
-seems to be correlated with male-male interactions |
|
|
Term
| Sperm whales have 3 different clicks what are they for? |
|
Definition
-Reproduction click
-echolocation click
-Codas |
|
|
Term
| What is the SOFAR channel? |
|
Definition
-sound speed reaches a minimum @ around 600-1200 meters
-speed inreases @ at temperarture & pressure increase
-Minimum velocity layer is a called the SOFAR channel (where is is the slowest) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-"The mind of the dolphin"
-provided the 1st stuctural form of dolphin commication
-He thought that dolphin should be represtested at the UN
-He believed the humans and dolphins could commuicate
-Had some really crazy research |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Stereo-typed
-Repeated frequenty
-Stable over time |
|
|
Term
Diffences between Odontocetes and Mysticetes?
-Sexual dimorphism
-Calving interval
-Social relationships
-Communication |
|
Definition
Odontocetes and Mysticetes
*Reverse *Usually yes
*1-3yrs *Can be 5+yrs
*Brief *Stable
*Repro. Ad. *Gr./Ind. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Males establish domince
*use a # of diff vocalizions to display domince
*low freq. vocalizions
*they physical fight |
|
|
Term
| pinniped are proximity for... |
|
Definition
-water
-tide pools(for over heating)
-shade (for over heating) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each indivial mates excluively with a single indivial of the oppsite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form of mating system depends on the distribution of food resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
both parents are necessary to raise the young
ex. albatrosses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| male with more then one female |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| female with more then one male (rare) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absence of any pair bond or long term relionship between male and females |
|
|
Term
Polygynous Mating Systems in Mammals
(5 point) |
|
Definition
-Lekking
-Resourse Defense
-Female Defense
-Sequentail Female Defense
-Scramble Competition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when males gather within site of each other & try to out display eachother |
|
|
Term
| What is Resourse Defense? |
|
Definition
| occurs when males, are defending breeding substrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Sequentail Female Defense? |
|
Definition
| males are guarding their mate |
|
|
Term
| What is Scramble Competition? |
|
Definition
| when male comes across a female he mate with her |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| often return to the same site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-low dimorphism
-less fidelidy
-most monogous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-high dimorphism
-No size fidelidy
-Most polymogous |
|
|
Term
Female mate choice in pinnipeds
(4 points) |
|
Definition
1.Choice of site on breeding beach
2. Choice of location in harem
3. Eliciting inter-mating competitan
4. Courtship behavior toward preferred male (have more prefrance for male on inside then outside) |
|
|
Term
| What age is an elephant seal highest repoductive success? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alternative Mating Strategies |
|
Definition
-Stealth mating w. peripheral females
-Intercating females leaving the breeding beach
-For otariids: raiding parties |
|
|
Term
| Early Inferences into Behavior |
|
Definition
-cross-sectional studies
-Snap-shot in time
-Limited inference (in terms of social structure) |
|
|
Term
| Individual Identification |
|
Definition
-important for us to ID individuals
-photo ID
-shape of the dorsal fin, nichtes, notches, and scares
-Alot of whales, fluke out before dives and the different pigmatation can ID them |
|
|
Term
Social Behavior of Resident Killer Whales
(3 points) |
|
Definition
1. communities
2. Pods
3. Matrilineal groups
-highly social
-cohesive pods |
|
|
Term
| The Resident Killer Whales stay in... |
|
Definition
-permanent matrilineal Groups
-up to 4 generations
-neither males nor females disperse from the group |
|
|
Term
Social behavior of Bottlenose dolphins
(3 points) |
|
Definition
-fission-fusion societies
-Communities - dolphins in all area that periodically associate w. one another
-Groups- temporary aggregations dolphins |
|
|
Term
Social behavior of Pilot Whales
(4 points) |
|
Definition
-Permanent Family Groups
-Neither sex disperses from their natal pods
-Pods are strongly matfical
-Males do not father offspring within the pod |
|
|
Term
| What is Infanticide? and which species does it occur in most often? Why? |
|
Definition
1.The act of killing an infant/neonate
2.Bottlenose dolphins
3. *Increased fitness of roving males
*Reduced competition for offspring of unrelated females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who has the largest brain?
Pinnipeds/Sirenians/Mysticetes/Sperm whale/odontocetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| information processing within an animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| information transfer from one animal to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dolphins can recognize objects & assocate it with a signal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rules for structuring words into meaningful sentences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can not only understand objects but order is not important |
|
|
Term
Dolphins are capable of _____________ ___________.
(defition)-ability to transent a reference without outside info. |
|
Definition
| referential communication |
|
|
Term
| what is Peripheral Vasoconstriction |
|
Definition
| narrowing of the blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slowing of the heart rate |
|
|
Term
| Adaptations for O2 conservation during Apnea(3) |
|
Definition
1.Increased O2 Storage Capacity
2.Bradycardia (slowing of the heart)
3.Peripheral Vasoconstriction (narrowing of the blood vessels) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)comductance -movement of current
2)convection -no contact
3)Radiation -electromagnets wave heating somthing
4)Evaportion -loss of heat through sweat
***conduction is most important to marine mammals |
|
|
Term
| How do marine mammals reduce their thermal conductance? |
|
Definition
using fur and blubber
ex 1:otorids= blubber&fur
ex 2:phocids=blubber
ex 3:sea otter=fur |
|
|
Term
| What are properties of blubber? |
|
Definition
*Thickness
*Lipid content
*Blood Flow |
|
|
Term
"Marine mammals are not simply wrapped like a thermos bottle..."
what does this mean? |
|
Definition
| Marine mammals not uniformly hot or cold, some parts cold some hot. Lose heat in some parts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Constant Frequency (CF)
2. Frequency Modulated (FM)
3. Broadband |
|
|
Term
| Sound Production in Cetaceans (3 types) |
|
Definition
Type M- Mysticetes- low frequency (10Hz-4kHz)
Type I- Odontocetes- high frequency (>100kHz)
Type II-Odontocetes- generalists (1kHz-100kHz) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to orient by transmitting sound & receiving echoes from objects in the environment |
|
|
Term
| What are the sources of Echolocation Signals? |
|
Definition
-Larynx
-Nasal Sacs*
-Monkey Lips |
|
|
Term
| With echolocation the #, the source level, and time interval between clicks vary with what? |
|
Definition
-size of object
-distance of object
-background culter |
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|
