Term
|
Definition
| Eon before 3.8 Billion Years Ago |
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Term
|
Definition
| Eon contains Early, Middle and Late eras, from 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago. 3.8 bya is earliest life. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Eon at 2500 million years ago to 570 million years ago, has early, middle late eras. 600 mya is earliest complex life. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Period from 570 to 500 mya. Iowa in Ocean, covered by Sea Lillies, Trillobites, squids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Period from 500 to 435 mya. This is earliest known skeleton organisms. Iowa covered by a shallow ocean, has sea lillies, trillobites, squids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Period from 435 to 410 mya. Iowa moved further south of the equator, continents are moving closer. Are primitive corals, sponges, sea lilies and brachiopods. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Period from 410 to 360 mya. Iowa is still under sea, but closer to land. Devonian period has earliest advanced fish, "age of fish", and there is Devonian Fossil Gorge, which has brachiopods, corals and crinoids |
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Term
|
Definition
| Period from 360 to 330 mya. Part of Carboniferus, when most coal formed. Iowa on land in later part of period, so little fossil record. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Period from 330 mya to 290 mya. Part of carboniferus, coal formed in swamps by oceans coming in and out, Iowa under sea again. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Period from 290 to 240 mya. Iowa on land and Pangea formed. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Period from 205 to 138 mya. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Period from 138 to 66 mya. Interior sea in North America, but mostly dry. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Period from 66 to 1.6 mya. The change in period is marked by the extinction of dinosaurs. 5 mya is the split of the chimp/human ancestor. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Period from 1.6 mya to current era. Humans only 150k years old. |
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Term
|
Definition
| "Old life", era from Cambrian 570 mya, to end of Permian, 240 mya. |
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Term
|
Definition
| "Middle Life" era (dinosaur sounding periods) from Triassic to Cretaceous, 240 mya to 66 mya. |
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Term
|
Definition
| "New Life", Tertiary, 66 mya to Quaternary, current |
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Term
|
Definition
| Eon containing Paleozioic through Cenozoic, 570 mya to now. |
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|
Term
| Why older rocks as going east in Iowa? |
|
Definition
| Rocks can tilt, and with tilting and erosion of top layers, the oldest rocks are exposed in the east, until the youngest rocks are not, in the west. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
smallest part of an element that retains its chemical identity
and can take part in a chemical reaction. Is building block of everything, has electrons, protons and neutrons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Positive particles in a nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neutral particles in a nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Number of Protons in an element. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Measure of weight defined by number of protons and neutrons, since electrons weigh practically nothing. |
|
|
Term
| First Orbital has how many electrons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Second and Third Orbital have how many electons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
alternate versions
of elements, which
differ in mass by
having a different
number of neutrons
14C has two extra
neutrons beyond
the normal 6. The slightly different masses of isotopes make then
behave slightly differently in natural systems |
|
|
Term
| Ions. What are they and what can they do? |
|
Definition
Charged atoms, due to gain or loss of
electrons Ions can form ionic bonds or enter into solutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Combinations of two more more atoms, like O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules of atoms of two or more different elements, like CO2. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unchanged Atoms sharing electrons, like CO2. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Charged atoms held together by electrical attraction, like NaCl |
|
|
Term
| What's so noble about noble gases? |
|
Definition
| They are snobs. They do not interact with other elements because they have full electron shells. |
|
|
Term
| What type of bond does a water atom have? |
|
Definition
| Covalent bonds, to fill shells with electrons. |
|
|
Term
| How do water atoms bond with each other? How does it work? |
|
Definition
| Hydrogen bonding, which works because of water's polarity. Hydrogen bonds to oxygen. Hydorgens have slight positive charge and oxygen slight negative, so bonds to opposite charge atom. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Highest of all common liquids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Highest for water for all liquids except mercury. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is amount of force needed to separate molecules. Relatively low viscosity for a liquid, but decreases with increasing temperature. |
|
|
Term
| Latent Heat of Vaporization--what means and what about water? |
|
Definition
| Quantity of heat gained or lost per unit mass when substance changing from gas to liquid or liquid to gas. Water is highest of all common substances. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is the quantity of heat required to raise temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1 degree. Water has highest of all common solids and liquids. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Mass per unit volume. In water, It is determined by Temperature, salinity and pressure in that order. It is different from other liquids in that it stops increasing density as it is colder after 4 degrees and ice is less dense than liquid water. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Water dissolves more substances than any other common liquid. |
|
|
Term
| What did ice do to allow life development? |
|
Definition
| It insulated the water, acting to control temperature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amount of dissolved material (which includes inorganic salts, organic compounds and dissolved gases. ) It is measured in parts per thousand or practical salinity units (PSU). It is typically 35 for salt water |
|
|
Term
| Ice is less saline because? |
|
Definition
| When ice freezes, there is no room for NaCL, so it gets pushed out. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the coldest water in the world? |
|
Definition
| Under icebergs. It sinks and brings oxygen to the bottom of the ocean. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Where light can be used for photosynthesis by marine organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "That portion of the water column wherein temperature changes most rapidly with each unit change in depth. Is about 100-500 m down, where temperature changes as going deeper, but then becomes nearly isothermic at a certain depth. It is transition between surface layer and deep layer, is a layer in between, then under is isothermic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
As temperature decreases, solubility increases so there is
more oxygen in colder water. However, in vertical profiles,
oxygen decreases in the “oxygen minimum zone” due to
decreased photosynthesis coupled with high biological
activity. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the photosynthesis/respiration cycle. |
|
Definition
| Animals take in O2, and use with CH2O, sugar, for respiration. They release CO2, which is used by plants with H2O to achieve photosynthesis. Plants release O2 as a byproduct of photosynthesis and that is used by animals, etc. It is a cyle. |
|
|
Term
| Name some things marine systems do. |
|
Definition
• climate regulation
• biogeochemical cycles (oxygen, carbon, nitrogen etc)
• shaping and protecting shorelines
• food provisioning (fisheries)
• medicine
• raw materials and energy
• recreation and tourism
• biodiversity maintenance (most of life on Earth lives
in the sea, including all but one of 32 known animal
phyla) |
|
|
Term
| Why are there mountains and large sea trenches? |
|
Definition
| All because of plate tectonics. |
|
|
Term
| Who is Alfred Wegener (Vay-geh-nehr)? |
|
Definition
| First proposed plate tectonics through continental drift in the 1915s, argued there was once a supercontinent of Pangea. |
|
|
Term
| Evidence for continental Drift. |
|
Definition
| Match of continents fitting together, the location and direction which ancient glaciers flowed, the mountain systems that match across continents, rock assemblages across continents, fossils that are found in multiple continents and paleomagnetism. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Is the record of earth's magnetic field in rocks. Provides evidence of polar wander, which is the movement of the magnetic poles. |
|
|
Term
| How is earth's magnetic field created? |
|
Definition
| Because of the liquid outer metal core of earth which causes the field. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is the angel that the magnetic pole is from the geographic pole, used for compasses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oceanic crust, very thin, 8 km, is matic, so rich in FE and MG. Continental crust is thicker, 30-40 mi and is felsic, rich in feldspar. it is less dense than oceanic crust. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There is a top part of solid rock, the lithosphere, and the next part is the athenosphere, which is plastic like and moving. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| He wanted to look at ocean floor, found it was not flat, had ridges, mountains and volcanoes, developed the theory of oceanic spreading. |
|
|
Term
| What do the epicenters of earthquakes often match to? |
|
Definition
| To ridges and plate boundaries of the earth. |
|
|
Term
| Proof of oceanic spreading. |
|
Definition
| Mid-oceanic ridges, the epicenter of earthquakes and the volcanoes on riches. Other facts: should be more sediment on ocean floor if it was static, there are not enough volcanoes for static earth, mid ocean ridges are hot, there are deep furrows that run along ridges, there are guyots--drown volcanoes created in shallow water, so not always in deep water, must have changed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hot material rising, cool material sinking. Shown in mantle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oceanic crust that is being recycled. |
|
|
Term
| Name the three plate boundaries |
|
Definition
| Tranform falts-plates sliding next to each other, spreading centers, which are ridges and subduction zones which are trenches. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these are where fault lines are, these are collison of plates that cause earthquakes. |
|
|
Term
| Convergent plate boundaries seen where? |
|
Definition
| In Alaska, Aleutian Volcanic arc. Also in Cascades, Andes, Himalayas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sudden release of energy accumulated in deformed rocks: radiates as seismic waves, seismic is greek for shaking. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the locus of the earthquake movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rocks bend until strength of rock is exceeded, rupture occurs and rocks rebound to an unformed shape, energy is released in waves that radiate outward from fault. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| response of material to the arrival of energy fronts released by rupture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary are fastest waves, travel through solids, liquids, gases, moves in same direction as wave movement. Secondary waves are slower than p waves, only through solids. These are body waves. Surface was cause the damage, are love and raleigh waves. |
|
|
Term
| How is earthquake's epicenter located? |
|
Definition
| Look at length of interval between p and s waves, since longer time is longer distance from epicenter. Then use triangulation using three seismograph stations. |
|
|
Term
| Can earthquakes be predicted? |
|
Definition
| No reliable method exists for short term predictions, some precursors might be uplift, subsidence, strain, weird animal behavior. Long term can see earthquakes as cyclical, using historical records. |
|
|
Term
| New Madrid Seismic Zone danger? |
|
Definition
| Rocks are cold and brittle, so wave energy isn't absorbed as quickly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Destructive ocean waves triggered by movement of surface fault or landslide, looks like rapidly rising tide. |
|
|
Term
| Tsunamis are tidal waves, true or false? |
|
Definition
| Falst. Tidal waves are those resulting from effects of moon and sun. |
|
|
Term
| Tsunami generation, what mechanisms? |
|
Definition
| earthquake, landslides into or udner ocean, landslides into lake (seiche), meteor impact in ocean basin, volcanoes. |
|
|
Term
| What type of plate boundary crated 2004 earthquake? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ocean has no tsunami sensors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why were scientists at the pacific tsunami warning center frustrated? |
|
Definition
| there were no tide gauges in Indian ocean, so could not know whether there was a tsunami. |
|
|
Term
| Tsunami does what to water at shoreline? |
|
Definition
| It recedes from shore.It slows down and draws water in. |
|
|
Term
| Tsunamis, how many waves? |
|
Definition
| could be more than one, could be two, three or four. |
|
|
Term
| where do most tsunamis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of world's population is at risk of tsunamis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to protect ourselves from tsunamis? |
|
Definition
| use data to predict it, make buildings resistant to waves, create evacuation routes, use tide gauges, education people. |
|
|
Term
| the 2004 earthquake did what to earth? |
|
Definition
| It change the rotation speed of the earth slightly and change the length of the day very little. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An inorganic material that is naturally occurring with characteristic chemical composition, distinctive physical properties and crystalline structure. |
|
|
Term
| physical properties of minerals are? |
|
Definition
| color, crystal form, luster, hardness, streak color, cleavage or fracture, reaction to acid, magnetism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cleavage is breaking along weak places in crystal structure producing flat surfaces. Fracture is random breaking resulting in jagged or massive crystals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How hardness is measured. Glass is 5.5, fingernail is 2.5 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rubbing rock on streak plate, some are so hard will not leave streak, hardness is 6.5 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ultraviolet light reacting with chemicals of mineral and causing mineral to glow. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cube, blade, tabular, prisms, rhombohedron, dodecahedron, tetrahedron, octahedron. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 cleavage: basal, 2 in 90 degrees, prismatic in rectangular crossections, 2 not in 90, paralellogram cross sections, 3 at 90 degrees is cubic, 3 not at 90 is rhombohedral, 4 main intersections at 71 degrees and 109, forms octahedral cleavage, 6 cleavages at 60 degrees and 120, dodecahedral cleavage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| White mica, is cololess, yellow, brown or red brown, has good cleavage into basal, thin sheets. is 2.5 H. white streak. |
|
|
Term
| Plagioclase Feldspar, is NA Feldspar |
|
Definition
| colorless, white, gray, black, translucent, forms tabular crystal or blades, 6 H level, cleavage in 2 directions, 90 degrees, white streak. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Color is dark gray to black, forms prisms with good cleavage at 56 and 124, hardness of 5.5, white to pale gray streak and is NM. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is metallic, hardness is 3, streak white, black, brown black, short prisms, splits into think sheets. Streaks are gray brown. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nonmetalic, hardness of 7, white streak, is white or gray, opaque with waxy luster, conchoidal fracture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| color is orange green, PINK, forms prisms cleavage as cubic, 6 H level, cleavage in 2 directions, 90 degrees, white streak. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NM, white streak, 2 hardness, is colorless, white, gray, forms tabular crystals, prisms, blades or needles, transparent to translucent, very soft, cleavage is good. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| colorless, white, yelow, may be green or brown, opaque or transparent, cleavage in 3 directions not at 90, effervesces in acid. Forms prisms and breaks into rhombohedrons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fool's gold. Is metallic, hardness of 6-6.5, dark gray streak, is silvery gold color, cleavage is absent, opaque masses formed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NM, 7 H, color is olive green to yellow, brown, fracture, white streak. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NM, 1-2 hardness, white streak, color is white to very light brown,. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NM, hardness is 7, streak is white. Color is usually red blakc or brown, forms dodecahedorns, translucent to opaque, no cleavage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Salty taste! white blue brown, white streak, forms cubes, cleavage is in three directions, so cubes. 2.5 h. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| M or NM, 1-6 H, red to red brown streak, color is silvery gray, reddish silver black or brick red. Thin tabular crystals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NM, hardness of 7, white streak, colorless white, translucent. hexaganol pyramid crystal form and no cleavage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| M, 2.5 hardness, gray to dark gray streak, silvery gray, cleavage is good in three direction, so cubes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| M, H 1, dark gray streak, is grey, short hexagonal prisms for form, greasy feel, cleavage in one direction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NM, Hardness of 4, White streak, colorless purple, blue, green, yellow, cleavage excellent, crystals as cubes, opaque or transparent. Has florescence |
|
|
Term
| Detrital Rocks (siliciclastic) |
|
Definition
| Are rocks made of rock fragments. Four types of them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Made mostly of angular gravel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mostly made of clay minerals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made mostly of rounded gravel and sand grains, usually quartz grains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can range. Gravel, sand, silt, clay, microcrystalline, crystalline. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Poorly sorted to well sorted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Biochemical Rocks (bioclastic) |
|
Definition
| made of grains mostly that are fragments or shells of organisms, are plants or animals. Biochemical limestone is made of shells, shell fragments, peat is plant fragments and coal is carbon/charcoal from plants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made mostly of mineral crystals precipitated from aqueous solutions and or chemical residues (e.g. rust) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made mostly of gypsum crystals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Made mostly of halite mineral crystals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made of iron-bearing minerals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made of iron bearing residues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made of calcite mineral crystals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Made mostly of dolomite mineral crystals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made of microcystalline quartz varieties |
|
|
Term
| High energy vs. low energy systems |
|
Definition
| High energy will be large and small rocks, will be more rounded, low energy will be just fine grains. |
|
|
Term
| Principle of original horizontality |
|
Definition
| Sediment layers are deposited horizontally |
|
|
Term
| Principle of lateral continuity |
|
Definition
Sedimentary layers were deposited
continually over large areas. |
|
|
Term
| Principle of superposition |
|
Definition
| Younger strata on top, older on the bottom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wind or water moves grains up and down/back forth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually a sign of shallow water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can go from fine to coarse, coarse to fine. Finining upwards often result of turbidite, underwater landslide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when something is dragged across sediment, there is a hole gouged out. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicate alternating wet and dry conditions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fossils of behavior, like a foot print. |
|
|
Term
| Examples of where sedimentary rocks made |
|
Definition
| chemical rocks, in arid environments, fine grained in low energy and deep water, coarse grained in shallow water, high energy, limestone in warm and shallow water. |
|
|
Term
| What is the heirarchy of criteria for understanding what sedimentary rocks mean? |
|
Definition
| Indicative/Diagnostic, supportive/suggestive, compatible/consistent with and contradictory. |
|
|
Term
| Where do detrital deposits occur? |
|
Definition
| Where there is a regular influx of clastic material, in turbidite flows. Near shore. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Calcium carbonate (calcite,
aragonite), CaCO3
• Can be skeletal or mineral
• Soluble in colder or deeper
water (Carbonate
Compensation Depth)
• Mineral carbonate indicates
warm shallow waters with
no detrital influx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Calcareous oozes
• Siliceous oozes
• Red clays
• Authigenic Mn/Fe
nodule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicates muddy land surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occur where sediments settle from standing body of water or air. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form in any environmetn where wind/water travels in one direction for some time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inclined beds or laminations, wherever wind or water currents. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cross-bedding in opposite directions, wind or water going back and forth. |
|
|
Term
| oscillation ripple marks, symmetrical ripples |
|
Definition
| form in any body with gentle waves barely touch bottom, often in shallow water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| U shaped or v shaped gouges in mud/sand scoured out by currents, opening of up or v points in downstream direction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicated where plants once grew |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where burrowing animals nce lived. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Woter movements caused by wind, they form circular gyres. Moves clockwise in the north, counterclock in south |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Because of earth's rotation, air currents are deflect clockwise in north hemp and counter in south hempisphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is affected by the wind. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brings warm water of the gulf to europe, deep ocean current affected by water density. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused change in ocean conveyer belt. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simply put, disturbances of water surfaces, there is lenght, height, period and frequency. There are crests and troughs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wave length, is distance between crests or troughs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wind, earthquakes, and force of moon and sun. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| imagine bobber, moves in circle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Particle movement orbital
decreases with depth
• Governed by the length of the
wave
• Little movement occurs at half the
length of the wave (L/2)
• Breaking of waves occur when:
– Height/Length reaches 1/7
– Bottom of L/2 begins dragging
on the shallow bottom
sediments
– Angle of crest is less than 120
o
• Keep in Mind – Orbitals are not
perfectly cirucular
– When they break, create
“ovals” to create tubes for
surfers! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wind blocks across surface of water, friction causes water to move with wind. Wave height depends on wind speed, distance over which wind blows (fetch) and length of time wind blows. |
|
|
Term
| How are tsunamis different from other waves? |
|
Definition
| are characterized as shallow water waves, have much longer period than wind waves, and so long period means that deep water swell of only few feet, barely perceptible. |
|
|
Term
| wind waves vs. tsunami waves |
|
Definition
| Wind-Short WL, breaks, slow and high, Tsunami is long wl, does not break, fast and low height. |
|
|
Term
| Rate of energy loss of waves |
|
Definition
| Inversely related to wave length, so tsunami loses little energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small ratio of water depth to wave length, and are fast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rise and fall in sea level, caused by a giant wave, a cycle takes 12 hours and 25 minutes. Tidal range is difference in ocean level between high and low tides. |
|
|
Term
| Gravitational effects of moon |
|
Definition
| Two bulges of water form on earth, one under moon, one opposite, as earth spin, bulges follow moon. Reason for bulge opposite is centrifugal force. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Earth, moon, sign lined up, greatest tidal range. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| earth, sun, moon at right angles, lowest tidal range. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Due to falling see level by regression or rise in land elevation (uplift) |
|
|
Term
| Emergent coastline features |
|
Definition
| Exposed terraces, wave cut platforms, wide beaches, large spits (sandbars), well developed salt marshes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fact in emergent coast line, current is deflected by land., sand drifts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this shows the current, longshore drift direction, built out in direction of drift. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are cliffs eroded by waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by transgression (rising seas) or land getting lower (subsidence). features are cliffs, estuaries, small spits, tombolo, and stacks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mixing of salt and fresh water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| land out in sea, formed by rising waters. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a sand bridge to an island. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| keep harbor open, jetties specifically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be used to make beaches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long narrow island parallel to shore, protects coast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One high and low tide a day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two high and low tides a day. |
|
|
Term
| Effects of change in tide levels on intertidal communities |
|
Definition
| Duration of exposure, time of day of exposure, rhythms. |
|
|
Term
| Environmental Conditions of intertidal area |
|
Definition
| temperature, wave action, salinity |
|
|
Term
| Classify Barnacles, mussels and chitons |
|
Definition
| Barnacles and mussels compete, chitons are grazers |
|
|
Term
| Adaptation to resist water loss |
|
Definition
| Can close up, be tolerant of water loss, find shelter, moist cracks, live in groups. |
|
|
Term
| Adaptation in intertidal; maintenance of heat balance |
|
Definition
| Snails have shells that are either sculptured and light or smooth and dark, to regulate temperature |
|
|
Term
| Adaptation to avoid mechanical stress |
|
Definition
| Algae is flexible, bends. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respiration, feeding, salinity stress, reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infralittoral zone: kelp, midlittoral zone, barnacles and snails, supralittoral zone, lichens, fungus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Physical factors, competition, predation (starfish/snails main predators), grazers, recruitment |
|
|
Term
| What causes intertidal patchiness |
|
Definition
| sweeping algae fronds, irregulat distribution of predators, fluctuation of recruitment, refuge from grazing provided by pits/cracks, escape of sporelings from grazers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be coarse, or fine, based on wave action, protected flats or unprotected beaches. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there is transport of sand particles by wave action. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| donax, sand crab, sand dollar, pismo clam, many burrow deep. |
|
|
Term
| On sandy beaches (not flats) there are no... |
|
Definition
| plants! and no herbivores |
|
|
Term
| Density of organisms from sandy to rocky |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sandy beach living things |
|
Definition
| polychate worms, bivalves, gastropods, crustaceans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There is the oxidized zone, the Redox potential layer (RPD) and an anoxic layer (black) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sandy has small to large particles, no large plants, limited primary productivity, smaller body sizes, muddy has fine particles, no waves, large plants and many primary producers, large bodies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is very high, which means it is a strong buffer against raising and falling temperatures, and moderates climate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ranges from 1 to 14, 1 being acid, 14, alkaline. More H+ ions means more acidity, less means more alkalinity. Seawater is slightly alkaline. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Goes to about 200m, is gentle slope. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| After shelf-slope break, there is abrupt steepening to bottom, goes to 2-3 km. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More gentle slope after continental slope, is from 3-4km |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is bottom, flat, sediment covered. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breaks abyssal plain, forms chains of ridges on plate borders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plains in ocean cut by troughs, lie at borders again. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solitary islands, formed by isolated volcanic acid, indivdiual, unlike ridges. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bounded by ridge and trench system |
|
|
Term
| Seafloor spreading v. subduction |
|
Definition
| Spreading is in trench system, and subduction is trenches, where plate goes uner another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vital life processes, operating only in a certain range of temperatures |
|
|
Term
| Poikilothermic (ectothermic) |
|
Definition
| Organisms whose body temps vary with surrounding water temps. |
|
|
Term
| Homeothermic or endothermic |
|
Definition
| regulating internal temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| zone of rapid density change |
|
|
Term
| Backbone of current system? |
|
Definition
| NE trad winds and SE trade winds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Current directions spiral downward from surface, see page 14. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Example of sea-air interaction, occurs when warm pacific water comes to coasts of south america which are usually cool. This temperature alters circulation in rain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces both horizonal and vertical currents that circulate throughotu the world, by rising and sinking water, deeper to surface, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water moves, warm vs. cold and salt, p 18 |
|
|
Term
| Internal tides or internal waves |
|
Definition
| Caused by difference indensity, occurs at pycnocline between high density and low density waters, brings nutrients to surface. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| science that treats specture of interrelationships existing between organisms and their environments and among groups of organisims. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capable of producing one's own energy resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arrangement of autotrophs and succeeding levels of heterotrophs, with each level as a torphic level. This is the first characteristic of ecosystems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of living material at any instance in a trophic level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each pathway that transfers energy from a given photosynthetic source through a given series of consumers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All the food chains for an ecosystem or community combined. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cycling back and forth between organisms and physical environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| role of organism in a community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| potential distribution of a species along all possible niches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actual distribution of species in the real world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| place where an organism is found |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the numerically abundant species in a community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simple listing of total number of species in a community or trophic level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure that combines richness and eveness of distribution of individuals in species |
|
|
Term
| Liebigs' law of the minimum |
|
Definition
| That if any factor falls below minimum, species will die out. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| boundary zones in which species die and others appear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| orderly process of community change through modification of physical environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| facilitation model of succession |
|
Definition
| about orderly development to a climax species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| competes with facilitation model, no species is competitively superior, and succesion is not orderly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intermediate model between facilitation model and inhibition model |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interaction to get resource in short supply |
|
|
Term
| competitive exclusion principle |
|
Definition
| two species cannot have exact same requirements in same place, same time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consumption of one species by another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feeds on plants or sessile animals |
|
|
Term
| key industry species or keystone species |
|
Definition
| predator who by preying on competitive dominant species, lmits competitive exclusion of other species by that dominant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms living in or on other organisms from which they derive nourishment and shelter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| independent, morphlogically different stages that develop from fertilized eggs and that must undergo a profound change before assuming adult features. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| great many small eggs, hatch quickly into larvae, free swimming in plankton. With so little yolk in each egg, larvae are dependent on food sources in the water column for nutrition. Advantages is large number of young, wide dispersal. Dis is depending on plankton, which is unpredicatabel and increased chance eaten by predators. common closer to equator. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fewer eggs with more yolk, eggs hatch into larvae which do not feed and spend less time in water column because of yolk. Larvae use plankton phase for their own dispersal. Adv. are less time in plankton, so less chance of being consumed and not dependent on plankton for food. Dis is greater energy to create eggs, fewer eggs and less dispersal, also larger so better target for predators. common in polar waters when needing dispersal |
|
|
Term
| nonpelagic or direct development |
|
Definition
| young pass through larval stages in egg, hatch as juveniles, no free swimming larval stage. Hatchlings are called nonpelagic larvae, or juveniles.Nonpelagic development is good because plankton mortality is zero, but few eggs lots of energy and no dispersal. Common in polar waters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| larvae are settling where adults are because of this secretion |
|
|
Term
| larvae community establishment |
|
Definition
| some settle where adults are, can delay metamorphosis if not finding suitable substrate, responds to light and pressure, some are positively phototactic in early stages, negative in later stages. |
|
|
Term
| opportunistic species, or r selected |
|
Definition
| short life spans, rapid development to reproductive maturity, many repro periods in a year, high death rates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| K selected, long life spans, long development time, low death rates |
|
|
Term
| physical and chemical differences between ocean and land |
|
Definition
| suspended community in sea, so have filter feeders, sessile animals. less biomass and skeletons in sea, animals constrained by gravity, . less light in sea. organic compounds in sea. more oxygen in air, so sea organisms adapted to withstand different oxygen levels. |
|
|
Term
| biodiversity differences between land and sea |
|
Definition
| more phyla in sea, 32, compared to 12, longitudinal and latitudinal diversity, only latitudial in land. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can shed both male and female gametes in ocean, only male in land, and animal parental care is lower in ocean than terrestrial ecosystems. |
|
|
Term
| structural and functional differences between sea and land |
|
Definition
| insignificance of large macroscopic plants in marine communities, less herbivores in sea, dominant ones are copepods, microscopic crustaceans. In sea, herbivores remove entire autotrophs, but not terrestial herbivores. Most sea creatures are carnivores. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| open sea, away from bottom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pelagic water overlying continental shelves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all open waters other than neritic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of pelagic realm that is lighted, goes about 200 m down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| everything below photic, permanently dark |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transition zone beteween photi and aphotic zone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pelagic part of the photic zone, so down to 200 m |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upper aphotic, ranges down to 700-1000m |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 700 to 1000 m to 2000-4000 km |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| open water of deep oceanic trenches, from 6-10k |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bottom of ocean that is continental slope and rise, down to about 4000m |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes abyssal plains, between 4-6km |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| zone of trenches between 6-10 km |
|
|
Term
| sublittoral or shelf zone |
|
Definition
| benthic zone that is under the neritic pelagic zone, is illuminated |
|
|
Term
| intertidal or littoral zone, |
|
Definition
| lies between high and low tide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in the properties of groups of organisms over the course of generations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
any trait that promotes success within an
organism or population of organisms (also called adaptive
trait) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of individuals within a species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
group of organisms with a unique suite of
characteristics (either morphological or genetic)* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which new species are derived |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sum total of all organisms, including the number
of species and their communities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of interacting species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolutionary history and relationships of organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branching diagram illustrating the evolutionary relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| populations speciate in same geographic region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| populations speciate in response to a division of their geographic region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disappearance of a species or group of species from the ecosystem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| favorabel traits are passed on to succesive generations more frequently than those that are detrimental |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| random shift in frequency of gene make up in a given population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| random changes in genetic code |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| splitting and recombining of genetic material from different sources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carolus Linnaeuas develops taxonomic classification: kingdom, physum, class, order, family, genus, species. Lamarck develops theory of evolution based on inheritance of acquired characteristics, lower forms give life to higher forms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| saw beaks of finches on different islands, suited to environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combines population genetics, quantitative genetics, systematics and palentology to look at evolution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-darwinian evolution, can occur because of genetic drift. |
|
|
Term
| Fundamental principles of evolutionary thought |
|
Definition
| common ancestry (orgs connected by ancestry through orgs in past) and differential reproduction (variance in offspring production is due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors and interactions. |
|
|
Term
| common ancestry (descent with modification) |
|
Definition
| shared genealogical relationships, shows that origin of life is improbable compared to continuation, features of orgs products of past (homology) and changes in homologous features can construct relationship: phylogeny. |
|
|
Term
| static vs. evolving lineags |
|
Definition
| static-species do not change, earth and life is young, descent with modification, species change over time, from common ancestor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| features of two or more orgs inherited from common ancestor. |
|
|
Term
| applicability of common ancestry |
|
Definition
| informed comparisons of orgs--biomedical research, classification shows evolutionary history. Can use in showing disease--example, HIV strains. |
|
|
Term
| Differential reproduction |
|
Definition
| it is individual variation in reprodution and longevity, can arise solely through random factors, and arise through heritable variation in traits, those with high reproductive rate will predominate, those that decrease repro rate will occur less |
|
|
Term
| Ramifications of differential repro |
|
Definition
| consequenes on antibiotics and pesticides, make resistant forms, invasive species, etc |
|
|
Term
| what barriers can cause allopatric speciation? |
|
Definition
| glacial ice sheets, mountain chains uplifted, rivers change course, sea levels rise, cliimate warms to make vegetation rise up, dividing lakes, ocean current shifts, islands formed by volcanism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group includes ancestor and all of its descendents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group that is descended from more than one ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group that includes an ancestor but not all descendents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| archaea, eubacteria (both prokaryotes), protists, plants, fungi and animals (eukaryotes) |
|
|
Term
| Protostomes v. deuterostomes |
|
Definition
| protos blastopore forms into mouth. deuterostomes, forms into anus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sponges: loosely organized cells, sessile, no tissues or organs, asymmetrical. Sponge sperm arises from choanocyes, eggs from choanocyes or amoebocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polyp and meduse stages, 2 cell layers, tissues, but no organs, radial symmetry |
|
|
Term
| Lophoporates (with coelom, three tissue layers!!) |
|
Definition
Brachiopoda-brachiopods, from cambrian period--shell with 2 valves, feeding are suspension feeders.
4. Bryozoa- date to Ordovician period, colonial, tiny individuals, suspension feeders
Phylum Mollusca- bivalves, gastropods, shell, protostome, sometimes eyes.
6. Annelida- worms, from Proterzoic, segmented bodies, often deposit feeders
Phylum Arthropoda-crabs, lobsters, insects, segmented bodies, bilateral symmetry, protostome, eyse
Phylum Echinodermata -crinoids, echinoids, starfish, endoskelton of calcareous plates, spines, deuterstomes, no eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Characteristics of the Onychophora:- Velvet Worms
1)Bilaterally symmetrical and vermiform.
2)Body has more than two cell layers, tissues and organs.
3)Body cavity a true coelom.
4)Most possesses a through straight gut with an anus.
5)Body possesses 14 to 43 pairs of unjointed legs.
6)Nervous system includes a brain and a pair of ventral nerve chords.
7)Possesses serial sac-like excretory organs.
8)Possesses a simple respiratory system in the form of tracheae and spiracles.
9)Possesses a open circulatory system with a heart.
10)Reproduction normally sexual and gonochoristic.
11)All are terrestrial. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| photosyntheic, single celled suspended microbes, like diatoms, dinoflagellates, cyanobacteria, phototrophic bacteria, viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nano and microplankton, dominate phytoplankton in high latitudes, unicellur, cell wall made of silica, binary cell division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nano and microplankton, dominate phytoplankton in low latitudes, unicellular, cellulose plates, binary cell division, cause of red tides |
|
|
Term
| algal symbionts in reef building corals |
|
Definition
| coral calcificatio is enhanced by obligate symbiosis between oral and dinoflagellate algae. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nano and micro plankton, more common in low latitudes, unicellure, covered by series of calcium carbonate plates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smallest known photosynthesizing orgs, contribute to total ocean productivity, some fix nitrogen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eukarya, planktonic animals, heterotrophs, see slide for examples |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flotation mechanisms fo planton |
|
Definition
| 1. becoming less dense than sea water by reduction of overweight, replace heavy ions with light ones, 2. shape increase drag, 3, could swim, 4, water is circulated, water movements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the idea that the simpler answer in evolution is better, but can lead to wrong answer, like blind cavefish |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of science? |
|
Definition
| experimental and historical |
|
|
Term
| What must a hypothesis be? |
|
Definition
| It must be falsifiable, can be false |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a universal explanation for a set of observations |
|
|
Term
| Who popularized falsifiability? |
|
Definition
| Karl Popper, moved away from inductive reasoning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by Thomas Kuhn, talked about how ideas can change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is predictive, there is inevitability of ideas, someone will think of idea eventually, there is no bowing to authority, everyone can be wrong, there is universality of ideas, a good idea is a good idea. Thus science is value neutral. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nekton swims, plankton floats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spend their whole life in the epipelagic zone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spends only some of life in epipelagic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Snakes and rays, bony fish, marine reptiles, birds, and cephalopods (octopus) |
|
|
Term
| How do fish become buoyant? |
|
Definition
| Through gas bladders, air sacs, and other filled caveties and layers of lipids (fat or oil). Also through hydrodynamic lifting mechanisms, pectoral fin lifts up, and homocercal tail lifts up too. |
|
|
Term
| What are different types of propulsive force of marine organisms? |
|
Definition
| Undulating who body side to side, using triangular muscles, myomeres, like eels, 2. undulating fins, like tuna, 3. paddling, like penguin |
|
|
Term
| How to reduce frictional resistance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to reduce form resistance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to reduce induced drag |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| laminar is smooth, turbulent is tough |
|
|
Term
| Defense adaptations of nekton |
|
Definition
| can swim fast, have camouflage (white on bottom, blue or green on top, keel to reduce shadow, alter color). |
|
|
Term
| What are some different nekton sensory systems |
|
Definition
| Eyes, can have big eyes, sound through echolocation, whales use melon for this. Olfaction, which is smelling chemicals in water |
|
|
Term
| What characterizes nekton migration? |
|
Definition
| can use olfaction to smell original waters, as in salmon. Tunas use magnetic field, along with turtles and whales. Turtles also use wave directions. tuna use temperature as well to help with migration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they push water in, filter feeding, then push water out mouths through baleen (made of kerotin), which means that plankton and small fish will get caught in baleen. Baleen acts as sieve. |
|
|
Term
| Characterize food web of cold waters |
|
Definition
| More diverse than polar waters, mammals dominate the top of the food chain. |
|
|
Term
| Characterize food web of the antarctic seas |
|
Definition
| less diversity than cold waters or tropical seas, marine mammals still at top of food web. |
|
|
Term
| Characterize food web of tropical seas |
|
Definition
| There is lots of diversity and no marine mammals at top of the web. Tuna are usually at top. |
|
|
Term
| What is a trophic cascade? |
|
Definition
| It is when if the food chain is disrupted, changes organisms all the way up and down the chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did fish start diversifying and what are their forms? |
|
Definition
| In the Devonian period, There is the bony fish, the "Osteichthys" which contain the "actinopterygians" the ray finned fish and the sarcopterygians, the lobed finned fish. There are also chondrichthyes, which are cartilaginous fish. |
|
|
Term
| What fish structures are used for olfaction? |
|
Definition
| incurrent and excurrent noris |
|
|
Term
| What do some primitive fish have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ray finned fish have what structure? |
|
Definition
| the lepidotrichia, bony, bilaterally-paired, segmented fin rays |
|
|
Term
| What is a heterocercal tail? |
|
Definition
| it is the tail shape where the notochord bends dorsally (upward curve), is better for movement than the opposite (reverse heterocercal) |
|
|
Term
| What is reversed heterocercal condition |
|
Definition
| it is when the tail bends ventrally |
|
|
Term
| why do scientists think the heterocercal tail developed? |
|
Definition
| due to lack of swim bladders, allow fish to be buoyant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Notochord still bends up, but not very much, a very little bend. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| notochord stops before the tail, and usually in more advanced fish. Means the tail is equally balanced. |
|
|
Term
| What characterizes many fish skulls? |
|
Definition
| Lots of bones with joints, very complex, cranial kinesis, which is the joints in skull. Ascending process helps to extend mouth outwards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are fish like the lepisosteus and tylosurus good predators/carnivores, based on structural factors? |
|
Definition
| have long thin jaw and lots of teeth to clamp down quickly on prey |
|
|
Term
| Gyrodus is suited to grazing, why? |
|
Definition
| Its teeth are small, short. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was accreted as a homogenous body, was cold and then factors like meteors heated it up. As it was heated, iron sank to center of earth, and less dense material rose, led to crust, mantle and core. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Earth was hit by something the size of mars, and piece broke off and orbited earth. Impact also put earth "off kilter" so seasons could happen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| early volcanoes, gave off water vapor and co2 for oceans and atmospheres. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
During Hadean and Archean time, the Earth was hot
and its plates were small. Igneous and sedimentary
rocks along the margins of protocontinents became
squeezed between protocontinents and were
metamorphosed forming greenstone belts |
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Term
| What is the evidence of earliest life |
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Definition
| 3.5 Ga, (bya0, tubes found in Africa |
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Term
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Definition
are big mounds of cyanobacteria, from 3.45 Ga, in Archaen era, suggests photosynthesis. “stromatolites” = layered mound-shaped structures
formed by cyanobacteria
The layering is caused by changes in orientation of
the filaments in response to light. Layers formed by
upward growth of filaments during the day and
lateral growth at night. |
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Term
| Prokaryotes are different from eukaryotes how? |
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Definition
| Pro have no nucleus or organelles |
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Term
| many organisms during archaean were... |
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Definition
| extremophiles, tolerating extreme environmental conditions |
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Term
| Two types of energy formation, describe |
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Definition
| photsynthesis- used by bacteria. chemosynthesis, chemical reactions for energy, used by bacteria and archaea, is why archaea live in extreme environments |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a double helix made of adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine |
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Term
| Theories on formation of life? |
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Definition
| Ice-things hit each other in microscopic pockets of water, forming DNA and RNA, 2, bubble theory that proteins formed membranes first, 3, metabolism came first, 4, from midocean ridges |
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Term
| Describe why mid-ocean ridges might be good for life formation? |
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Definition
| there is high heat and materials for chemosynthesis, with hydrogen oxidation, sulfur reduction and methane production. There is a wide range of temps, organic compounds dissolve in warm water and there is protection from UV rays, along with metals, clays and phosphorous |
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Term
| What characterizes beginning of Proterozoic? |
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Definition
| It is 2.5 Ga with more stromatolites, photosynthesis really took off. |
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Term
| What thing forms in Proterozoic era? |
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Definition
| start to get red beds and banded iron formation, this was due to enough photosynthesis which oxidizes the iron in the ocean. This proof in the rocks show photosynthetic life. |
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Term
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Definition
| about 2 Ga, with large cells, the first Eukaryotes. |
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Term
| When is the first multicellular algae from? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the margulis hypothesis? |
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Definition
| that the first protest evolved when one prokaryote tried to digest another but failed, that became a mitochondrian, and or choloroplast, is called endosymbiosis |
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Term
| What happened in late Proterozoic? |
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Definition
| there were a lot of eukaryotes, multi and unicellular. 600 Ma is the first skeleton, made of calcite. |
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Term
| What does 1 Ga mark in life history? |
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Definition
| Before, no evidence of burrowing, but after, trace fossils, burrowing through bioturbation. |
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Term
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Definition
(560-570 mya)= first large assemblage of body
fossils consisting of >1500 specimen |
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Term
| What were ediacarans probably |
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Definition
| protostomes and diploblasts, precursors to Cindaria |
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Term
| What two phylum made it through from Proterozoic to the Cambrian period |
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Definition
| Only Poriferus and Cnidaria |
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Term
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Definition
| all orgs capable of sustained locomotion against motion of water, without consideration of habitat |
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Term
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Definition
| fish, marine mammals (whales, seals, manatees and dugongs, reptiles (tutles and snakes). Seabirds not nekton but important to economy of waters, only penguins nektonic |
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Term
| Environmental conditions for nekton |
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Definition
| epipelagic area has three dimensions, no solid substrate, so always vulnerable to predators, hard to see movemetn with no structures, and no support of substrate for animals. So must be mobile, must navigate and avoid predators, leads to faster swimming speed. |
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Term
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Definition
| It counteracts denser flesh of fish, physostome is open duct between gas bladder and esophagus and physoclist is where there is no duct. Physostome fishes gulp air and fill it with rete mirabile system. Physoclistous must use absoptive section of bladder called oval. |
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Term
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Definition
| netowrk of blood vessels that branch off of a larg vessel. |
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Term
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Definition
| less dense than seawater, present in those fish that lack swim bladders. |
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Term
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Definition
| can use hetercercal tail, angle of the body. |
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Term
| most common way to move forward |
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Definition
| undulating body or fins. Virtually all fish show this motion. |
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Term
| Frictional resistance is what |
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Definition
| proportional to amount of surface area in contact with water |
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Term
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Definition
| where drag is proportional to cross-sectional area of object in contact with weater. |
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Term
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Definition
| turbulence due to changes in speed or direction of flow. To counter this, should be turbulent form, which reduces drag. |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristic of most nektonic animals where high colors are blues, and white on bottom. |
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Term
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Definition
| some nekton have, rows of small tubes, open to water and containing sensory pits sensitive to pressure changes in the water. |
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Term
| pelagic sharks reproduction |
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Definition
| do not have same floating eggs of other nektons, retain eggs in female for long time, so when hatching, most immune to predators. |
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Term
| marine turtle reproduction |
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Definition
| lay eggs in holes in sand, then excavate, young turtles head for ocean, where they develop more. |
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Term
| Marine mammal reproduction |
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Definition
| those who give birth on land and those who give birth in water. Land are seals, sea lions, walruses. Those in water are whales. Most marine mammals long lived. |
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Term
| Special adaptations of marine birds and mammals |
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Definition
| Water is quick to extract heat, so marine mammals must slow rate of heat loss, with large body, other adaptation is insulating layer of blubber of fat beneath skin, last is circulatory system. Mammals avoid the bends by not inhaling pressured gas like humans. Also have large blood volume, so allows more o2 in body. Slowing of heartbeat is bradycardia. |
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Term
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Definition
| this is what the muscular system of marine mammals is rich in, oxygen containing compound, so better supply of oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| marine birds and tutles secrete salt through glands, must be removed without removing water. |
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Term
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Definition
| exception among plankton feeders of baleen whales, they are bottom feeders. |
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Term
| Arctic ocean system physical conditions |
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Definition
| isolated sea surrounded by landmasses that leave only two outlets to other odceans, bering strait to pacific, fram strait to atlantic. Both have shallow depths. There are two anticyclonic currents, Beaufort gyre and transpolar current. Landmasses have several large rivers that discharge sediment, and give way to low saline surface layer. Ice is persistent and harder and thicker than antarctic (which is only seasonal, year old) |
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Term
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Definition
| open to all oceans, cicumpolar ring of water surrounding central land mass, continental shelf is narrow, and falls to very deep water quickly. Continent covered by ice so lacks rivers and no little sediment occurs. Antarctic undergoes only small variations in temperature compared to arctic. Antarctic endures strong, but less pronounced seasonal light conditions than arctic ocean, and so plankton experience strong dinural but weak seasonal vertical migrations. this is opposite in arctic. |
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Term
| Shallow waters in polar areas |
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Definition
| devoid of fauna, because of ice grinding/freezing animals. |
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Term
| Antarctic seas, area below think annual sea ice |
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Definition
| this layer extends 30 m, ice platlets form on any nucleus, and may surround sessile/sedentary invertebrates, and as ice is less dense, will bring invertibrates to top. such ice formation is called anchor ice. Zonation of benthic fauna with depth occurs |
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Term
| biological comparisons of arctic and antarctic |
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Definition
| Antarctic is richer in species of organisms, has high degree of endemism. There is a high biomass, probably related to nutriet rich water. Arctic benthic communities often dominated by only few species, antarctic have more dominant. Because of sediment, arctic benthic fauna is infauna, whereas antarctic is large number of epifaunal species. Fish less important in antarctic. May be because artci orgs are subjected to mroe disturbances such as ice scour, salinity changes, sinking of water with salinity high. |
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Term
| Sea-ice communities characteristics |
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Definition
| large number of microbes in sea ice, less diversity in Antarctic. Outside microbers are hetertroph protistans, small metazoans and fishes. Ice may be temperary habitat for planktonic species. Algal need sun, so less abundant in think ice of arctic and abundent on edges of ice. Metazoans can be pelagic and benthic. Arctic ice dominated by nematodes and rotifers while antarctic dominated by copepods and turbellarians. In arctic, euphasiids rare, but in antarctic, they are dominant. also, no dominating herbivore like in antarctic in arctic. |
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Term
| an antarctic soft-sediment community |
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Definition
| community was mostly burrowing polychaete worms and small crustaceans. Structure was regulated by small curstaceans. Community persisted because no large organisms, no evidence of competitive dominant |
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Term
| an antarctic hard-bottom community |
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Definition
| more common than soft bottom. three zones, zone 1, 0-15 m devoid of life, zone 2 extends from 15m down to 30m where anchor ice ends, zone 3 is undetermined depth, sponges dominate, has physical stability and diverse community, which is regulated more by predation than physical factors of zones one and two. Dominant orgs in zone 3 are slow growing. |
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Term
| characteristics of intertidal zone? |
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Definition
| Temperature flucuates, wave action occurs, there is change in salinity with runoff/heavy rains. |
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Term
| Extra water supply in intertidal orgs |
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Definition
| Used for heat balance, it is a supply just for cooling, some barnacles have this. |
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Term
| mechanical stress attachment |
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Definition
| can attach to substrate permanently or clamp to it. |
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Term
| respiration intertidal adaptation |
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Definition
| often enclose respiratory surfaces in cavity to protect from drying. Mollusks have mantle cavity for gills. Some close up to conserve O2 as well. |
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Term
| reproduction intertidal adaptation |
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Definition
| might time breading cycles with tides, like during neap tides, or eggs during spring tides |
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Term
| difference in atlantic and pacific rocky shores |
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Definition
| temperate atlantic is old and dominated by eroding sediments, so lacks rocks south of cape cod. In contrast, Pacific is geologically young, dominated by rack. Temp ranges much narrower in Pacific due to ocean circulation patterns, so less species diversity in Atlantic, also because continental glaciers scoured atlantic shores, extinctions. |
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Term
| Stephensons' scheme of zonation |
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Definition
| Supralittoral fringe-lower limit is upper barnacles and upper snails, dominant orgs are snails and black encrusting lichens, then there is midlittoral zone, is broades, and lower limits is uppermost of large kelps. Only universally dominant is barnacles. infralittoral fringe is from lowest low ide up to upper of kelps. only orgs who can't have much exposure to air. |
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