• Order Actinulida

• Simple medusa
• Reduced bell
• Small, few mm, interstitel

• Order Anthoathecata

§  Polyp: usually colonial, colony a few cm

·         Attached to a solid surface

§  Athecate -  lacking theca

§  Types of Polyps

·         Dactylozooid- defense, pray capture

·         Gonozooids- produce medusa

·         Gastrozoids- Defense, pray capture

§  Athecate condition -perisarc stops at the base of polyp

§  Perisarc - the non-living covering around the polyp

§  Coenosarce- the living part of the polyp

§  Medusa: usually free

·         No statocyst

·         Taller than wide

·         Margin not lobed

·         Small (few mm)

·         Gonads on manubrium

·         Can be in large swarms

§  Special Forms:

·         Propita

·         Blue button

·         Has  a float on top

·         Floats on top of the surface

·         The blue color is sun screen

·         Velella

·         Oval with a sail

·         Floats on surface

·         Millepora

·         Fire coral

·         CaCO₃

• Order Leptothecata

• Thecate- perisarc extends around polyp
• Same polyp types as Anthoathecata
• Medusa- attached or free
• Staoacysts
• Wider than tall
• Margin not lobed
• Gonads on radial canal

• Order Siphonophorae

• Polyp and medusa together- swim or float
• Few cm-m colony size
• Nectiophores - swimming bells (help swim)
• Pneumatophore- float

• Suborder Calycophorae

• Nectiophores: present often
• Pneumatophore: absent

• Suborder Cystonectae

·         Nectiophores - absent

·         Pneumatophore - present

·         Physalia physalia - Portuguese man o war

·         Dactilazoids are short

• Suborder Physonectae

·         Nectiophores: present

·         Pneumatophore: present but small

·         Can be several meters long

·         Usually found in the mid water

• Order Stauromedusae

• Mesoglea: with cells
• Gastrodermis: with cnidocytes
• Polyp: solitary, short lived
• Medusa: attached, upside-down, few cm, tenticles, capitate ends
• Life cycle: Planula - to Scyphistoma - to Adult
• Habitat: cold water (not near us)

• Class Scyphozoa

·   Mesoglea: with cells

·   Gastrodermis: with cnidocytes

·   Polyp: Solitary, short-lived, buds many medusa

·   Lifecycle: planula - to Scyphistama - to Strobila - to ephyra - to Adult medusa

·   Habitat: everywhere

• Order Semaestomeae

§  Medusa: large, free swimming

·         Bell with marginal tentacles

·         4 oral arms (developed from the nubrium)

·         Has Rhopalia

§  Common Species

·         Aurelia

·          really common

·         Chrysaora

·         Common

·         Drymonema

·         Cyanea

·         Rare

•  Order Rhizostomeae

§  Medusa: large

·         Bell without marginal tenticals

·         Cassiopea

·         Upside-down jellyfish/ mangrove jelly

·         Not found in Pensacola

·         Stomolophus

·         Very common in the gulf

·         AKA cannonball jelly fish

·         Rhopilema

·         Very common

·         Phylloriza

·         Very common

•  Order Coronatae

§  Medusa: small,

·         Plantonic

·         Bell with coronal grove

·         Unique characteristics

·         Bell has lobes called Pedalia

·         Has marginal tenticals

§  Linuche

• Class Cubazoa

·   Box jellies

·   Mesoglea: with cells

·   Gastodermis: with cnidocytes

·   Polyp: short lived

• Syhyphistoma
•  Not much strobulation

·   Medusa: box shaped

• Pedalia on corners
• Have velarium which is like a velum
• Rhopalia

·         Eyes with lense

• Chironex fleckeri

·         Famous box jelly fish

•  Order Carybdeida

§  Pedalia: unbranched

·         Single tentacle on each Pedalia

§  Tamoya

·         Found in gulf

• Order Chirodropida

§  Pedalia: branched

·         Multiple tentacles on each Pedalia

§  Chiropsalmus

·         Found in the gulf but not in large numbers

• Class Anthozoa

·   Gastodermis: wit cnidocytes

·   Polyp: solitary or colonial, have internal mesenteries

·   Medusa: none

·   Lifecycle:  Planula - to polyp

• Asexual buds

• Subclass Octocorallia

• Colonial
• Tentacles: 8 pinnate tentacles
• Mesenteries: 8 mesenteries
• 1 Siphonoglyph
• Helps with water flow in the gastovascular cavity

• Order Helioporacea

• Blue Coral 
• Massive CaCO3 skelleton, smalls holes
• Habitat: pacific reefs

• Order Pennatulacea 

• Sea Pens 
• 1' Polyp - keeps it anchored in the sediment
• 2' Polyps -have CaCO3 spicules
• Spicules may fuse to form a axial rod
• Habitat: sand and mud

• Order Alcyonacea

• Polyps: Branching colony,
• Many have basial slolen
• CaCO3 Spicules
• Many have a central rod of gorgonina
• This is a flexible rod
• Habitat: Are common on reefs
• Are reef builders

• Subclass Hexacorallia

• Solitary  or colonial
• 6-fold symmetry
• 6 fold mesenteries
• Non-pinnate tentacles

• Order Antipatharia

• Black Coral 
• Colonial, cm-m, long, branched or straight
• Tentacles: single whorl, 6 tentacles, short
• Mesenteries: unpaired
• Siphonoglyph: 1
• Support: Axial rod of protein with small spines
• Habitat: hard substrate, deep reef areas
• Commercial Harvest
• Used to make jewelry 

• Order Ceriantharia

• Tube Anemones 
• Solitary, several cm, long
• Tentacles: 2 whorls
• Mesenteries: unpaired
• Siphonoglyph: 1
• Support: hydroskelleton
• Habitat: sand / mud - tube
• Tube- made of sand/mucous/ptchocysts
• Ptchocysts form the structure of the tube

• Order Actiniaria 

• Sea Anemones
• Solitary, mm-cm, long
• Tentacles: single whorl
• Mesenteries: paired
• Support: Hydroskelleton
• Very flexible- they can expand and contract a lot
• This allows them to survive dry conditions and eat bigger pray
• Habitat: Hard substrate, few in sand
• Many asexual buds (but not colonial)
• Symbiosis:often with fish and shrimp
• Defense: one species swims, others scrunch down and secrete mucus

• Order Zoanthidea 

• Mat Anemones
• Colonial, Surface
• Tentacles: 2 whorls (very close together and short)
• Mesenteries: paired
• Support: Hydroskelleton
• Some collect sand on the outside
• Siphonoglyph: 1
• Habitat: Hard substrate or Epizoic (grows on other animals)
• Often on dead coral

• Order Corallimorpharia

• Colonial or Solitary, mm-cm
• Mesenteries: paired
• Siphonoglyph: 1
• Support: Hydroskelleton
• Habitat: Hard substrate

• Order Scleractinia 

• True Corals 
• Colonial, few solitary, mm-cm (single individuals)
• Mesenteries: paired
• Siphonoglyph: 0
• Support: CaCO3 skelleton
• Sclerosepta -  CaCO3 walls that correspond to mesenteries
• Habitat: most attached to hard substrate
• Many with Zooxanthellae
• Can be divided into 2 groups
• Ahermatic - non-reef formers
• Many are solitary, some colonial, typically without Zooxanthellae, live deep or shallow
• Hematic - Form reefs
• Most colonial, have Zooxanthellae
• Undergo mass spawning
• Common in hematic corals
• Coral Wars
• Corals that are close together fight
• Biome: reefs are biomes

• Phylum Ctenophora

Cone Jellies

Body plan: diploblastic, triploblastic

Bi-radial symmetry

8 ctens

Mesoglea: cells +muscles

Few cm-mm?

Mostly Planktonic

Digestion: Complete, Carnivores

Circulatory System: None

Excretion: Diffusion

Respiration: diffusion

Reproduction: Diploid, monoecious, cydippida larva

Nervous: Nerve net + statocysts

Ecology: Predators

Introduced into Europe

Ctenophores eat a larger verity of things as they get bigger

Ctenophores are moved around by shipping containers

• Class Tentaculata

• Have tentacles, Colloblasts (sticky cells used to capture pray)

• Order Cydippida

• Order Lobata

• Football shape
• Cone rows often extend around body
• Typically short tentacles
• No pouches
• Planktonic

• Order Cestida

• Flat and ribbon shaped
• Tentacles are short and in the middle of the body
• Planktonic

• Order Platyctenida

• Short tentacles
• Benthic
• Reduced tentacles

• Class Nuda
• Order Beroida

• No tentacles
• Essentially oval
• Planktonic
• Often specializes in eating other Ctenophores

• Phylum Platyhelminthes

• Flatworms

• Class Turbellaria

• Body Plan: triploblastic
• Acoelomate - no body cavity
• Parenchyma - cells that fill up space
• Very flat
• mm-cm size
• Multiciliated epidermis
• Rhabdite glands
• Longitudinal and circular muscle
• Benthic
• Digestion: Incomplete
• Parts: pharynx, gut
• Carnivores
• Circulation: None
• Excretion: Protonephridia - a cell with cilia that speed up diffusion
• Respiration: Diffusion
• Reproduction: Diploid, monoecious, Direct or Mueller's larva
• Nervous: ladder nerves, ganglia, statocyst, ocelli
• Food web: important in benthic food web
• Regeneration: great ability to regenerate