Term
Marine Populations
often characterized by the following |
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Definition
1) Long distance dispersal (**because of currents)
2) Huge fucundity (ex. Oysters have 20-30mill eggs/spawn)
3) High adult vagility (Vagility: the ability to move about & disperese )
4) Large variance in reproductive success / ind.
5) Complex life histories
6) Large population |
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Term
| It is __________ to maintain small populations of breeding adults in the wild |
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Definition
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Term
External fertilization
(Most fishes, echinoderms, bivalves, algae) |
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Definition
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Term
Internal fertilization
(Collecting sperm from water: Sponges, cnidarians, mollusks, red algae, ascidians) |
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Definition
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Term
Internal fertilization
(many gastropods, most crustaceans, sharks, some bony fish, all mammals) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - Fertilization success depends on environment, behavior, abundance |
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Term
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Definition
| Fertilization success increases if sperm storage possible |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Can be plankton larvae or juveniles of benthic or nektonic animals |
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Definition
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Term
| As population size decreases, reproduction or survival decreases |
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Definition
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Term
| Extinction likelihood exacerbated by ______________ ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Allee effect may be important for sessile organisms because... |
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Definition
| They're Broadcast spawners |
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Term
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Definition
High fecundity
Gas bladder valued at 7 x gold (“medicinal”)
Dependent on estuaries for reproduction
Degraded habitat
-Now at 1% of past catch |
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Term
| Extinction underestimated and 40-50 yr lag is... |
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Definition
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Term
| fishing is the reason __% of marine extinctions |
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Definition
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Term
Toxic metals; can bioaccumulation
Can affect behavior, immunity, development
Nutrient
Siltation
Noise (esp. marine mammals)
are examples of... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1) Prevent habitat damage
2) Fish selectively
3) Protect marine biodiversity |
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Term
| Raising aquatic organisms in a controlled environment |
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Definition
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Term
__% are UNDEREXPLOITED
__% are MODERATELY EXPLOITED
__% are FULLY EXPLOITED
__% are OVEREXPLOITED
__% are DEPLETED
__% are RECOVERING |
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Definition
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Term
| population numbers of adult fish |
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Definition
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Term
| # of juvenile fish entering adult reproductive population. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Sea otters, urchins, kelp, fishes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Circle hooks (rather than J hooks)
Hooks fish in mouth rather than gut
- Self releasing hook |
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Term
| Conover & Munch, 2002 Sustaining Fisheries Yields Over Evolutionary Time Scales |
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Definition
| Removing larger fish can reduce population and individual biomass, as well as growth rate. |
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Term
| What is a Sustainable Fishery? |
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Definition
Def 1: Long term constant yield
Def 2: Intergenerational Equity
Def 3: Maintaining a Biological Social & Economic System |
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Term
- untenable
- fluctuations in stock are normal |
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Definition
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Term
| Unsustainable: Habitat loss, erosion of genetic structure, or depletion that requires long rebuilding time. |
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Definition
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Term
| Preserve the health of natural ecosystem (e.g. biodiversity) and human social and economic institutions |
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Definition
| Maintaining a Biological Social & Economic System |
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Term
| How can fisheries be managed sustainably? |
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Definition
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Term
-Amended in 1996-Sustainable Fisheries Act
-all fishing activities within 200 nm EEZ (US)
-Anadromous fishes within entire US range
-all fishing on continental shelf
-Reauthorized in January, 2007
-Deadline to end ALL overfishing by 2011
-Strengthens enforcement
-Larger role for science |
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Definition
Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act
1976 |
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Term
| Wild Bristol Bay Salmon, Alaska |
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Definition
1 of only 42 fisheries worldwide certified sustainable by Marine Stewardship Council
**$300-400 million /yr industry |
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Term
| “Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all”. |
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Definition
The Tragedy of the Commons
Garrett Hardin, 1968, Science |
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Term
| Ocean Commons, Seamounts and Exclusive Economic Zones |
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Definition
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Term
| permanently protected from all preventable anthropogenic threats (< 1 % of the ocean). |
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Definition
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Term
| permanently protected from at least 1 preventable anthropogenic threat. |
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Definition
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Term
temporary narrow
-Rebuilding fish stocks
-Protecting vulnerable life history stages |
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Definition
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Term
Volcanic
Submerged
>1000 m from seafloor
~30 000 exist |
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Definition
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Term
-150 year
-late maturation slow growth rate
-episodic recruitment
-Boom and Bust cycles
-sustainable fishery likely not possible |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
plume-water interaction to solubility trapping, and plume-mineral interaction to mineral trapping
(ex. fish eggs) |
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Term
| Why are seamounts important? |
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Definition
-hydrodynamic trapping
-Nutrient enrichment
-Attraction of organisms |
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Term
-Population declines to extinction
-Avoided by organisms choosing habitat
-Net importer of dispersing individuals |
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Definition
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Term
-Stable or growing population (if absence of immigration)
-Attractive to organisms choosing habitat
-Net exporter of dispersing individuals |
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Definition
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Term
| Source – Sink Habitats mean... |
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Definition
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Term
| ONTOGENETICALLY DISJUNCT POPULATIONS |
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Definition
| life in Corridors - of movement must be protected |
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Term
| a group of spatially separated subpopulations of the same species that interact (usually same genetic pool). |
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Definition
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Term
-The same demographic rates (e.g. birth, death, immigration, emigration, & larval exchange.
-Long larval dispersal distances
Reserve size & spacing not be important
-Short larval dispersal distances
Reserve size & spacing increase in importantace |
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Definition
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Term
-Demographic rates differ between sub pops
-Causes: predation, sex ratios, ect.
-Reserve placement should favor superior populations |
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Definition
| UNBALANCED METAPOPULATIONS |
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Term
-Larval exchange is uneven & directional
-Advective models more realistic
-Currents can contribute disproportionate numbers of larvae to sites |
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Definition
| DIRECTIONAL METAPOPULATIONS |
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Term
-Demographics differ
-Larval exchange uneven
-Upstream sources up stream |
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Definition
| DIRECTIONAL SOURCE-SINK METAPOPULATIONS |
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