Term
| What is an Invasive Species? |
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Definition
Non-native (alien) to the ecosystem and
whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health |
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Term
| How do Invasives Affect Biodiversity? |
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Definition
1)Outcompete native populations for food & space
2)Restructure established food webs
3)Inter breed with native species
4) Import diseases, pathogens |
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Term
| spreading by non human means |
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Definition
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Term
| Total costs of invasive species in US estimated at ~_____ _________a year-1 |
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Definition
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Term
Name 5 Major Vectors in Marine Systems
(primarily human action) |
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Definition
1)Ballast water (ships & drilling platforms)
2)Attached to hulls
3)Mixed in fresh bait or packing (microalgae)
4)Escape/release from aquaculture, pet trade, live seafood trade
5)Canals that connect waterways |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How do we deal with marine invasions? |
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Definition
1)Prevention
2) Eradication of new population
3)Postestablistiment control
4)Research
5)Information sharing: regional and global data sets |
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Term
- Regulation (Introduced in US House & Senate in early 2009; vstalled)
- Treat ballast water & hulls
- Tighten mariculture facilities |
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Definition
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Term
| - Sometimes successful, but often costly |
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Definition
| Eradication of new population |
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Term
| - Almost impossible with many invasives |
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Definition
| Postestablistiment control |
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Term
- Establish baselines (e.g. Census of Marine Life)
- Many “new” species could be invasives (cryptogenic species); small |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Tests have suggested that there may be significant power savings (up to 7.3%). |
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Term
| reasons for the IndoPacific Lionfish.... |
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Definition
Hurricane Andrew in 2002
Intentional release
Gulf Stream transports buoyant eggs |
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Term
| name three Micro parasites... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Nematodes, Cestodes, Arthropods |
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Term
| whats the diff between Micro and Macro parasites? |
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Definition
Micro-Small size
•Short duration of infection
•Often controlled by acquired immunity in the host
Macro-Usually visible
•longlived
•Less likely to be controlled by immune responds |
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Term
| Activities that exacerbate disease occurrence... |
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Definition
•Introducing new organisms to marine environments
– pet trade
–Ocean aquaculture
–Volume of ballast water transported |
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Term
•Most “new” diseases occur by host shift, not the emergence of new organisms
–E.g. canine distemper virus; dogs to seals |
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Definition
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Term
| Case 1: Seagrass Wasting Disease (Zostera marina) |
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Definition
–Partly due to Slime mold Labryinthula zosterae
-Infects stessed leavees (high temp, shading?)
–Within 2 years, loss of 90% of eelgrass from Canada to North Carolina
–Declines in populations of migratory waterfowl & economically important crustaceans, fishes, and shellfish
–Shorelines significantly eroded
–Extinction of the limpet Lottia alveus |
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Term
| Case 2: Diadema antillarum Mass Mortality in the Caribbean |
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Definition
*1983: Mass mortality of D. antillarum near Panama Canal
* Symptoms: sediment accumulation, loss of pigment, behavioral changes, dissolution.
*Recovery is slow (3.5%) |
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Term
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Definition
-Deforestation (1700s)
-Fishing pressure (oysters)
-Loss of filter feeders
-Industrialization
–Contaminants
-Increased turbidity & anoxia |
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Term
| Caribbean Coral; macroalgae & disease |
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Definition
-Herbivorous fishes removed via
–Macroalgae kept in check by omnivorous D. antillarum
•Overfishing
–Removed herbiveous fishes
– Diadema kept macroalgae in check
•Disease |
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Term
| Why is Caribbean a coral disease Hot Spot? |
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Definition
-High # of diseases/syndromes
-Wide geographic distribution
-Wide host ranges (42 species for white plague)
-Ongoing research |
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Term
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Definition
| based on vessel size (generally < 25 m) |
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Term
**Characteristics of Tribal/Peasant Fishing Societies**
(from Acheson & Wilson 1996) |
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Definition
1)All practice management; none allow members to destroy resource base.
2)Riparian rights / territoriality present.
3)Management rules made by local units which have control over small areas.
4)# of fishers is restricted (kinship, residence, association, etc.)
5)Conservation is bolstered by basic principles of the society (e.g. religion, conservation ethic).
6)Parametric management
-Managing other parameters instead of # of fish caught
-# of fishers, timing of fishing, gear restrictions, etc..
7)Fishers have detailed knowledge of area and species caught
8)Have demonstrated successful management via continuous exploitation for long periods of time. |
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Term
Rational Choice Theory
Solving the Collective Action Dilemma |
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Definition
-Similar to Tragedy of the Commons
–Visible in most fisheries management today, especially industrial fishing |
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Term
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Definition
| group makes a rule informally |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Conditions for establishing & maintaining effective rules |
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Definition
1) Easier in small groups (Social Capital)
- users can monitor each other’s behavior
2) Group members are equal
- resources are generally distributed equally
3)Investors in resource should gain the benefits
- limit entry to those who agree to abide by rules (rules known & constant) |
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Term
Industrial States have a top down approach to nearly all policies, including fisheries (will not give up control).
Solutions for industrial States: |
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Definition
1) Co-management : e.g. Maine lobster Fishery, Japanese Fisherman’s Cooperative Associations (FCAs)
2) Limit entry to promote small, stable groups – develop stewardship
3) Policies should work to make group members equal – reduces incentive to cheat
4) Manage fisheries in small area w/ enforeable boudires
5) Use parametric techniques (lik mpas)
6) Achieve agreement between steak holders – required to pass legislation |
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Term
| Maine’s Industrial Lobster Fishery |
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Definition
-Must use lobster traps (e.g. no hand collection)
-Must release egg bearing females “v” notch
-Lobstering territories
-Used & enforced by “harbor gangs”
- Sustain livelihood for multi-generations |
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Term
Major Regulatory Impediments to
Marine Conservation |
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Definition
1)Lack of public awareness
2)Limited knowledge of effects of human activities on marine environment (uncentainty)
3)Lack of mandates & tools
-Fragmented decision making & authority
-When restricting extractive activities, |
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Term
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Definition
•Executive Order signed in July 2010
–Establishes new National Ocean Council
•Coordinates federal agencies involved in conservation & marine planning
•Mandate to be transparent |
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Term
| unidirectional increase in fishing rates due to constant social and economic pressures for higher catches which remains unchecked because of uncertainties in projecting the negative effects of fishing. |
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Definition
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