Term
|
Definition
largest marine phylum
mantle that secretes CaCO2 shell
band of teeth in esophagus = RADULA
locomotory/clinging ventral foot
complex eye
gills exchange oxygen
have blood and complex circulatory system
respiratory pigment Hemocyanin uses copper to bind oxygen
planktonic larvae |
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|
Term
Class Polyplacophora
(chitons) |
|
Definition
primitive species
shell forms 7-8 plates
enlarged mantle called GIRDLE
herbivorous and intertidal
metal in teeth |
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Term
|
Definition
largest class of mollusks
visceral mass and nervous system twists 180 degrees during embryonic development
wide adaptive zone
varying types of feeders
shell usually open on right side
mouth and anus on same side |
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Term
|
Definition
most primitive
coiled, univalve shell
most number of species
foot often has shield = OPERCULUM
"home scars" from creating deep depressions in rock substrate |
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Term
|
Definition
mantle cavity hughly vascularized and function as a lung (PNEUMOSTOME)
mostly terrestrial or aquatic |
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Term
|
Definition
reduced or lost shell
mantle cavity
colorful and produce toxins
klepto-neumatocysts
special sense organs = RHINOPHORES
include sea slugs, sea hares, and nudibranchs |
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Term
|
Definition
two-valved shell
no radula and no head
body is laterally compressed
foot with two big muscles
filter-feeders with two siphon used to feeding
increased surface area for photosynthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
gill modified to collect suspended food particles
many undeveloped eyes |
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Term
|
Definition
proteinaceous attachment to substrate via BYSSAL THREADS
filters dozens of liters per hour |
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Term
|
Definition
grow in clusters ("beds")
are keystone species in some places
used to be dominant in Chesapeake Bay
zebra mussel is invasive species in Great Lakes |
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Term
|
Definition
shell is inside (or don't have at all)
closed circulatory system
foot modified to form flexible arms
have a brain and complex eye
ancestral body form = NAUTILUS
move by jet propulsion
mouth is a "beak"
photophores for counter shading, mating, prey attraction, or disguise
chromatophore allows to change texture
some very toxic (hapalochlaena)
includes squid and octopus |
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Term
|
Definition
small group of elongated, unsegmented, soft-bodied worms
mostly marine
flattened
elastic, extensible bodies
have probiscis for feeding
move by ciliary movement
secrete mucus
ladder like sensory organs
have 0-80 photoreceptors or eyes
some have balance organs = STATOCYSTS
gas exchange through flat skin
feed on dead bodies
most active predators/scavengers
some are parasitic
mostly separate sexes
some hermaphroditic, some protandric
each phylum has very distinct larvae |
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|
Term
|
Definition
"wheel bearers"
worm-like and sessile, to fat and motile
cilia around mouth
can be colonial
cell or nuclei # is constant = EUTELY
grow through increasing cell size, not number
fuse cytoplasm from all cells
filter or raptorial feeders
pharynx with jaws = MASTAX/TROPHI
females produce several types of eggs
some eggs hatch to females, some quickly hatch to males, or "winter egg"
for most species, no males are known |
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Term
|
Definition
| includes phoronida, bryozoa, and braciopoda |
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|
Term
|
Definition
hermaphroditic
permanent, chitonous tubes in substrate
have hemoglobin in blood cells
filter feeders
primitive lophophorate condition? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
body enclosed within 2-valved shell
dorsal/ventral orientation
Hemerythrin with iron
thick, strong muscles
used to dominate in Paleozoic, then bivalves took over
filter feeders |
|
|
Term
Phylum Bryozoa
(Ectoprocta) |
|
Definition
among most abundant marine epiphytic animals
hermaphroditic
secrete house around their body, which can regrow
polypide, cystid, and zooid
all are colonial
have two different larvae (brooded and broadcast spawners)
chimney promotes water circulation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
largest phylum (over 74% of animal species)
metameric (segmented/tagmatization)
specialization of body segments
hardened exoskeleton that is molted
exoskeleton made of chitin secreted by epidermal cells, generally waxy
molting is under hormornal and neural control
have compound eyes and pigment-pit ocelli (15-several thousand) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
head has 5 pairs of appendages
1 set of mandibles
2 maxillae including 2 pairs of antennae
development includes nauplius larvae
life at low Reynolds numbers
larvae have 3 pairs of appendages and single eye
include hermit, king, and coconut crabs |
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Term
|
Definition
over 4 million tons harvested per year
snapping shrimps
eusociality recently discovered |
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Term
|
Definition
larvae are planktonic
sexual reproduction with internal fertilization (2 years before hatching)
disappear during stormy season to deeper waters |
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|
Term
|
Definition
thorax has 6 segments and abdomen has 5
no abdominal appendages
legs have chemosensory setae |
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Term
|
Definition
"mantis shrimp"
"prawn killers"
"thumb splitters"
very aggressive
16 photoreceptor pigments, 12 for color |
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Term
|
Definition
laterally compressed
found in deep sea or shallow water
parasite of jellyfish |
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Term
|
Definition
body is dorso-ventrally compressed
lack larval stage
most successful malacostracans to colonize land
parasites eat tongue or fish |
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Term
|
Definition
thoratic limbs modified as filtering cirri
no abdomen
are all marine and sedentary
include barnacles (some parasitic) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
head and body enclosed in bivalva carapace
2 pairs of appendages
thorax and abdomen greatly reduced
marine and freshwater
have extensive fossil record |
|
|
Term
Subclass Xiphosurida
(horseshoe crabs) |
|
Definition
more closely related to scorpions/spiders
"living fossils" from Cambrian
shallow waters with sandy bottom
go onshore for mating
synchronized breeding at lunar high tide |
|
|
Term
Class Pychnogonida
(sea spiders) |
|
Definition
species are all marine
body is greatly reduced in size
legs are long and clawed
OVIGERS used by males to carry eggs
long probiscis on head
often feed on soft-bodied invertebrates, especially cnidarians |
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|
Term
|
Definition
7000 exclusively marine species
pentamerous radial symmetry
skeleton composed of calcareous plates or osscicles
lack cephalization (have no head)
mutable connective tissue
water vascular system
larvae develop rapidly into adult |
|
|
Term
Class Crinoidea
(Lily-Like) |
|
Definition
body supported by stalk or walking arms = CIRRI
fossil record from over 600 mya
suspension feeding via specialized tube feet
move via jointed flexible appendages
oldest echinoderms that once dominated the shallow seas of the Paleozoic |
|
|
Term
Class Stelleroidea
(Stars) |
|
Definition
arms extend laterally from central disc
include brittle stars and sea stars |
|
|
Term
Subclass Ophiuroidea
(Brittle Stars and Sea Baskets) |
|
Definition
1500 species
well-developed ossicles form a linear series of articulating "vertebrae"
penta-radial symmetry
ophiuroids lack an anus
movement by crawling with arms
mostly deposit feeders and suspension/filter feeders |
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|
Term
|
Definition
1600 species
gonads and portions of digestive system extend into each arm
movement by use of tube feet
keystone species
consumes prey via protrusion of stomach
rapid liquification of connective tissue
some species reproduce asexually |
|
|
Term
Class Echinoidea
(Sea Urchins) |
|
Definition
ossicles are joined to form a rigid test
unique feeding structure = ARISTOTLE'S LANTERN
jaw is beak-like and has muscles and specialized ossicles
urchin spines are a single calcite crystal |
|
|
Term
Class Holothuroidea
(Sea Cucumbers) |
|
Definition
body elongated along oral/aboral axis
ossicles reduced in size and embedded in body wall
rapid expulsion of gut for protection or "seasonal hibernation"
calcium carbonate spicules
tube feet surrounding mouth are modified for food capture
some pass 130kg of sediment per year through their digestive system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
non-vertebrate chordates
salps
3000 species
filter-feeders
tunicates have notochord in larval stage |
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|
Term
|
Definition
vertebrates
some are cartilaginous, some are bony
15,000 marine species
oldest of all vertebrates
most abundant group of vertebrates
include Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, and Oseteichthyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
20 species
exclusively marine
feed on dead and dying fish and marine mammals
live in burrows in soft sediments
produce large quantities of mucus from glands in skin to protect themselves
good sense of smell |
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|
Term
|
Definition
30 species
live in freshwater and salt water
some adults return to freshwater to breed
feed on living fish by rasping into side of fish with sucker-like mouth
consume blood, tissue, and body fluid |
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|
Term
|
Definition
1000 species
include sharks, skates, rays, and ratfish
skeleton made of cartilage
moveable jaws with well-developed teeth
35,000 teeth in a lifetime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
always have live birth
pectoral fins expanded into "wings"
5 pairs of gill slits and mouth are on underside of body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have a skeleton of bone
23,000 species
gills used for respiration
hinged jaws allow for variety of feeding
homocercal tail provides forward thrust
flat bony scales protect body
bony operculum covers gills
lateral line used in sensory capactiy and communication
lateral line has ampullae of lorenzini
swim bladder used for buoyancy control
body shapes vary greatly
sex hormones control development of sperm and eggs in fish
release can be cued by water, temperature, day length, specific tide cycles, etc.
broadcast spawning is most common
some do have internal fertilization
complex mating behaviors
some give live birth, others lay eggs
thousands of eggs can be laid and are not protected by parents
some only lay fewer eggs and parents protect the eggs |
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|
Term
|
Definition
7-8 species all threatened or endangered
upper shell = CARAPACE
lower shell = PLASTRON
ribs are expanded in size and fused to shell
have powerful jaws but no teeth
poikilothermic and ectothermic
breed at sea
internal fertilization
females can store sperm
one clutch of eggs can have multiple paternity
females normally breed every 2-4 years
lay eggs in sand above high tide line
eggs are leathery and become more brittle
temperature-dependent sex determination (warmer = more females, cooler = more males) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
55 species
only found in Indian and Pacific Oceans
laterally flattened body and paddle-like tail
breed at sea and have eggs inside that hatch before being released
mostly feed on fish |
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|
Term
|
Definition
found in Australia, Indian Ocean, and some western Pacific Islands
eats all types of prey
aggressive hunter
reach lengths of over 30 feet |
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|
Term
|
Definition
live exclusively on Galapagos Islands
only sea lizards
only spend a portion of time in water
dive to feed on seagrass near shore |
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|
Term
|
Definition
maintain a constant body temperature derived through metabolic means
feathers are covered with an oil from glandular secretions
hard-shelled eggs
many species are colonial nesters
some species are monogamous and mate for life
known for their protection of young and complex behaviors and rituals |
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|
Term
|
Definition
flightless with wings modified into flipper-like structure
prey in marine environment
mostly live in Antarctica
have a layer of fat and trap air in feathers to help with extreme cold
males and females share parenting responsibilities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
4600 species
skin holds hair
homeotherms
mostly viviparous with placenta
mammary and other glands
larger brain in relation to body size
many sexually dimorphic |
|
|
Term
Pinnipedia
(Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses) |
|
Definition
external ear on sea lions/fur seals
seals do not have external ear
sea lions/fur seals can rotate rear limbs for more efficient locomation on land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
19 species
mostly live in cool or cold water
monk seals live in warmer water
eat fish, shell fish, and cephalopods |
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|
Term
|
Definition
elongated, fusiform body with small tail
snouts are blunt and have sensitive whiskers
eat various fish species and invertebrates |
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|
Term
|
Definition
have large, robust, fusiform body that is reddish-brown
lack external ear flaps
both males and females have large tuskss
limbs modified into flippers |
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|
Term
Order Carnivora
(Polar Bears) |
|
Definition
largest land carnivore
thick fur coat is actually translucent
black skin |
|
|
Term
Order Cetacea
(Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises) |
|
Definition
largest group of marine mammals
includes Odontocetes and Mysticetes
distinguishable by presence of teeth and one vs. two blowholes
fertilization is internal via copulation
calves are born tail first and rush to surface when born to take first breath |
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|
Term
Odontocetes
(Toothed Whales) |
|
Definition
have teeth
one blowhole
include killer whales, dolphins, belugas, narwals, sperm whale, etc. |
|
|
Term
Mysticetes
(Toothed Whales) |
|
Definition
have baleen
two blowholes
include blue whale, gray whale, humpback whale, etc. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
rapid breathing prior to diving = APNEUSTIC BREATHING
elastic tissue in lungs
muscles contain more myoglobin to hold oxygen in tissues
heart rate slow dramatically during a dive = BRADYCARDIA
blood flow reduced to extremities and digestive system during dive
muscles employ anaerobic respiration as necessary
use echolocation (as do whales)
MELON directs outgoing sound waves
melon and lower jaw receive reflected echoes |
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Term
|
Definition
non-living, requires a host for reproduction
nucleic acid core of DNA or RNA
has protein coat = CAPSID
retroviruses store as RNA
lysogenic insert DNA into host
bacteriophage infects bacteria
most abundant form in oceans
can lyse/explode to release organic matter
infect all ocean organisms and affect nutrient cycling |
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|
Term
|
Definition
eubacteria and archaea
unicellular and may form aggregates
no nucleus, paired chromosomes, or complex organelles
no sexual recombination
loose plastids of DNA
can be photosynthetic, chemosynthetic, or heterotrophic |
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|
Term
|
Definition
date back to 3.8 billion years ago
extreme envrionments (eg. salt, temperature)
variety of metabolic types
widely distributed in oceans |
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|
Term
|
Definition
spiral, sphere, rod, ring, etc. shape
rigid shell wall
most small and unicellular
break down dead organic matter |
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|
Term
|
Definition
eukaryotic
mostly aquatic
mostly photosynthetic
include diatoms, dinoflagellates, and protists |
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Term
|
Definition
mostly solitary and unicellular
store excess energy as oil
phytoplankton
yellow-brown because of chlorophyll A and C
silica "shoebox" shell = FRUSTULE
most important primary producer on earth
form blooms
tiny pores for gas and nutrient exchange
some produce toxins, eg. domoic acid
asexual cellular division
get smaller each time they reproduce
sexual reproduction will restore normal size of cell |
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Term
|
Definition
90% marine and 50% photosynthetic
some capable of bioluminescence
have 2 flagella
zooxanthellae are endosymbionts often with corals
have toxic blooms called Red Tides |
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Term
|
Definition
silicoflagellates are star-shaped skeleton of silica with two flagella
coccolithophores have shells of calcium carbonate |
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Term
|
Definition
found on sandy or rocky bottoms
CaCO2 shell
pseudopods
form fine sand or coral material
can be found in very deep ocean |
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Term
|
Definition
shell of silica or strontium sulfate
have pseudopods to capture food particles |
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Term
|
Definition
have cilia for locomotion
some build shells of organic debris
mostly solitary
may live on a hard substrate |
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|
Term
|
Definition
eukaryotic and mostly multicellular
heterotrophic
break down dead organic material
lichens live in symbiosis with cyanobacteria, usually on rocky shorelines |
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|
Term
|
Definition
simple, free-living animal
multicellular and amorphous
no body cavity, systems, or sensory organs
flat, two-layer disk with complex cell junctions
can perceive light
asexual reproduction by budding or fragmentation but may also use sexual reproduction |
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|
Term
|
Definition
individuals, not colonies
suspension feeders
found at all depths, often on hard bottoms
no tissue or organs, or specific surfaces
colorful
some have endosymbionts
four cell types
CHOANOCYTES used for water flow and food capture
have spicule
volume in = volume out
three body plans: asconoid, synconoid, leuconoid (most abundant)
mostly hermaphroditic with internal fertilization
some asexually reproduce
if broken apart, can reaggregate and regrow
have an immune system
fossils date back to 600 mya
include Calcarea, Demospongiae, and Hexactinellid |
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|
Term
|
Definition
a class of sponge
simplest morphology but most rare
asconoid is most common, other two are present
spicules made of CaCO3 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
class of sponges
most common and found nearly everywhere
silica spicules, but never CaCO3 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
class of sponges
often radial in symmetry
found in the deep sea
six-rayed spicules of silica and chitin
also called "glass sponges" |
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Term
|
Definition
not radial, but look like jellyfish
have 2 cell layers and rows of cilia
have mouth, but no excretory system
top predators that feed on larvae
live in open sea
two classes are Tentaculata and Nuda
Mnemiopsis leidyi is invasive species introduced to Black Sea
comb jellies |
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Term
|
Definition
radial symmetry
2 cell layers (diploblastic) with mesoglea between
polyp and medusa forms
one body cavity and one opening
hydrostatic skeleton
muscles contract to create movement
have nematocysts, a non-central nervous system
are top predators |
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|
Term
Anthozoa
(Sea Anenomes and Corals) |
|
Definition
class of cnidarians
polyp form only with NO medusa
calcareous skeletons covered by tissue
reproduce asexually by division or external fertilization
have tentacles in cycles of 8
include hexacorals, actinaria, and scleractinia |
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|
Term
|
Definition
medusa stage dominant
have rhopalia to sense and balance
epidermis, gastrodermis, and mesoglea
incomplete digestive system
asexual form is small polyp
external fertilization
adults have separate distinct sexes
can occur in massive blooms
"true" jellyfish |
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|
Term
|
Definition
cubical medusa top
well-developed nervous system
mating and courtship is once a year with internal fertilization
eggs are released and become a polyp, then entirely becomes a medusa
extremely venomous
visual predator with 2+ eye spots
no brain
"box" jellyfish |
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|
Term
|
Definition
small dominant polyps
colonial differentiation with division of labor
chitin skeleton
variety of life cycles
asexual polyps bud into planktonic medusae with produce gametes
one species has green fluorescent protein and is bioluminescent
top predators
trend towards reduction/loss of medusa stage
2 colonies that are genetically identical will combine
"immortal medusa" forms a cyst than eventually reforms into polyp |
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Term
|
Definition
group of hydrozoa
NOT coral
calcified shells
fire corals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
groups of hydrozoa
colony of tiny polyps
strong division of labor |
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|
Term
|
Definition
generically termed "seaweeds"
don't have same structures as true plants
sexual reproduction, some with alternation of generation, some normal
good source of food |
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|
Term
|
Definition
probable ancestor to land plants
chlorophyll A and B and carotenoids
cellulose in cell walls
store excess energy as starch |
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|
Term
|
Definition
found in shallow, cold water
type of marine algae
have chlorophyll A and C and fucoxanthin
source of algin
include kelp and sargassum |
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|
Term
|
Definition
type of brown algae
live in temperate to polar regions
forests provide habitat for other organisms
among most productive habitats
food source |
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|
Term
|
Definition
type of brown algae
floats and forms mats, specifically in Atlantic
very important habitat |
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|
Term
|
Definition
deep, cold waters OR warm, shallow waters
some produce CaCO3 (eg. corraline)
have chlorophyll A and phycobilins |
|
|
Term
Angiosperms
(Flowering Plants) |
|
Definition
dominant in seagrass beds, salt marshes, and mangrove forests
nursery grounds and habitat
few survive in salty water
produce pollen
true plants with true plant parts |
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