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tough, non-living external skeleton composed of chitin and secreted by the underlying layer of tissue. Provides protection, support, flexibility, and increased surface area` for muscle attachment. |
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muscular extensions of the water vascular system. Tube feet are extended when filled with water, sometimes by the action of muscular sacs called ampullae, that extend inside the body opposite the tube feet. |
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have a backbone, also called vertebral column or spine, which is a dorsal row of hollow skeletal elements, usually bone, called vertebrae. |
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a flexible rod for support that lies between the nerve cord and the gut. |
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runs along the dorsal length of the animal. (pg. 145)
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thin- walled extensions of the body wall that have many blood vessels calle capillares, which allow for the easy absorption of oxygen (pg. 126)
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flap of bony plates and tissue that protects the gills (pg. 156)
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| the fines of bony fish consist of thin membranes that are supported by bony spines, which are fin rays, they differ from the typical stiff, fleshy fins of cartilaginous fishes (pg. 157). |
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| “paddle-like” bony fins (pg. 171) |
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| a gas filled sac just above the stomach and intestine. It allows the fish to adjust its buoyancy to keep from sinking or rising. This is significant development that compensates for the relatively heavy bony skeleton. (pg. 157) |
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| the sperm is directly transferred from males to females through the act of copulation. |
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| coloring that conceals or disguises an animal’s shape. A form of protective coloration use to make an organism less visible or attractive to predators. |
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| When a population of organisms have special coloration or pattern that help them blend together so that it makes it harder for a predator to pick out any one individual. In case of a marine animal, the coloration helps to break up the outline of the fish. |
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| Warning (‘Advertisement’) coloration |
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| used by some animals that have venom, spines, stingers, foul scents, or are toxic, to advertise to predators that they are not desirable prey. |
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| Have silver and white bellies (ventral surface) in sharp contrast to dark backs (dorsal surface) To a predator looking down the ocean depths are dark blue. Viewed from above the dark back of a countershaded blends in against the dark depths. Look up, however the sun helps to create a light surface, where the ventral surface is silver and white it helps to blend into the ocean light. (pg. 159 & pg. 344) |
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| Sensory System. Use their lateral line to stay in touch with schoolmates and to detect predators. (pg. 344) |
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