Term
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Definition
| kingdoms: archae bacteria, bacteria, single cells, prokaryotes. No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles in prokaryotes. |
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Term
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Definition
| kingdoms: eubacteria, bacteria, single cells, prokaryotes. No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles in prokaryotes. |
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Term
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Definition
| kingdoms: animalia, plantae, fungi, protista |
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Term
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Definition
Thermophile: (+90-120 degrees celsius)
Halophile: (salt(dead sea))
Methanogens: (methane; oldest, first organisms when life first began)
All of the above are extremophiles: (thrive in extreme conditions)
Hydrothermal vent bacteria |
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Term
| eubacteria groups (makes us sick) |
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Definition
(alpha) proteobacteria: plant bacteria; where mitochondria originated
(gamma) proteobacteria: vibrio (cholera)
spirochetes: lyme disease
bacillus: botox
cyanobacteria: blue/green algae (origin chloroplasts) |
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Term
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Definition
-Plasmid=extra chromosomal DNA
-antibiotic resistance
-degrade oil/plastic
-flagella/fimbria
-cytoplasma
-ribosomes-free floating (protein synthesis)
-DNA-1 chromosome in nucleoid
-capsule-sticky protein
-plasma membrane=phospholipid membrane
-similar to our except no
cholesterol on sterol
-cell wall-peptidoglycean w/ LPS(lipo polysaccharide) |
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Term
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Definition
-no plasmid
-cytoplasma
-ribosomes-free floating (protein synthesis)
-DNA-1 chromosome in the nucleoid
-no capsule
-plasma membrane- lipid ether
-cell wall- no peptidoglycean
-our DNA is closer to archae |
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Term
| Marine Bacteria general characteristics |
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Definition
-reproduce asexually by binary fission
-many shapes and sizes:
-bacillus- rod shaped
- coccus- spherical shaped
- spiral- cork screw shaped
-simple, prokaryotic organization; no nuclei or membrane-bound organelles, few genes, non-living cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
-photosynthetic bacteria found in environments high in dissolved oxygen, and produce free oxygen
-store excess photosynthetic products as cyanophycean starch and oils
-primary photosynthetic pigments are chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b
-accessory pigments include carotenoids and phycobilins |
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Term
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Definition
-cyanobacteria
-anaerobic green and purple sulfur & non-sulfur bacteria don't produce oxygen
-primary photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophylls
-sulfur bacteria are obligate anaerobes (tolerating no oxygen)
-non-sulfur bacteria are facultative anaerobes (respiring when in low oxygen or in dark and photosynthesizing anaerobically when in the presence of light) |
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Term
| Heterotrophic bacteria (decomposers) |
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Definition
-decomposers that obtain energy and materials from organic matter
-return many chemicals to the marine environment through respiration and fermentation
-populate the surface of organic particles suspended in the water |
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Term
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Definition
-nitrification: process of bacterial conversion of ammonium to nitrate and nitrate ions
-bacterial nitrification converts ammonium into a form of nitrogen usable by other primary producers |
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Term
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Definition
-process that converts molecular nitrogen dissolved in seawater to ammonium ions
-major process that adds new, usable nitrogen to the sea
-carried out by some cyanobacteria and a few archaeans with nitrogenase (enzyme)
-anaerobic process often occurs in heterocyst(thick, walled cell in which photosynthesis is altered to prevent oxygen release) in cyanobacteria |
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Term
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Definition
-photosynthetic
-trap light using bacteriorhodopsins, purple proteins |
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Term
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Definition
-use energy derived from chemical reactions that involve substances such as ammonium ions, sulfides and elemental sulfut, nitrates, hydrogen, and ferrous ions
-chemosynthesis is less efficient than photosynthesis, so rates of cell growth and division are slower
-found around hydrothermal vents and some shallower habitats where needed materials are available in abundance |
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Term
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Definition
| -organisms that can survive at temperatures exceeding 100 degrees celsius, such as sea worms |
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Term
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Definition
self-contained communities that are some of the most productive in the sea
-vents form at spreading centers
-seawater seeps down to where it
contacts magma
-water is super heated and loses
some minerals while it picks up
others, such as sulfur, iron,
copper, and zinc |
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Term
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Definition
-white smokers: produce a stream of milky fluid rich in zinc sulfide. Water temperature is normally less than 300 degrees celsius
-black smokers: narrow chimneys that emit a clear water with temperatures of 300 to 450 degrees celsius that is rich in copper sulfides (which precipitate with contact with cold seawater to produce black color) |
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Term
| Rise and fall of vent communities |
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Definition
-vents are colonized by organisms shortly after they are formed.
-when geological changes inactivate the vent (an estimated 20 yrs later), these organisms all die
-vent inhabitants are thought to produce large numbers of larvae which drift to other vent sites
-residents include: large clams, mussels, anemones, barnacles, limets, crabs, worms, and fish
-primary producers are chemosynthetic bacteria
-primary consumers filter-feed or graze bacteria from water
-clams, mussels, and vestimentiferan worms (riftia), host symbiotic chemosynthetic bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| -unicellular grouping of animal-like or plant-like organisms, not classified by any evolutionary relationship |
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Term
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Definition
A-Protozoan:
-single celled organisms
-animal like organism (unicellular, non-photosynthetic, aerobic-need oxygen, eukaryotes, mobile-cilia and flagella, psuedopodia, phagocytosis (ingesting food))
B-Algal (algae)
-single celled, plant like organism (aerobic, photosynthetic, eukaryote, unicellular, grouped by pigments (green, yellow, brown, red)) |
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Term
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Definition
1) Stramenophiles
group: diatoms, ochorophytes, labyrinthomorphs, labyrintholids, thraustochytrids
2) Haptophytes
group: coccolithophores
3) Alveolates
groups: dinoflagellates, ciliates
4) Amoebidprotozoa
groups: foraminifrans, radiolarians, naked amoebas
5) choanoflagellates |
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Term
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Definition
-diverse group of eukaryotic organisms unified by the nature of their cells' 2 flagella
-special flagella:
-1 flagellum is a simple form, usually with a light-sensing body at the base; senses light
-2nd bears many mastigonemes(hair-like filaments) with a thickened base and a branching tip along the shaft, used for swimming
-heterokont: refers to the different form of the 2 flagella |
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Term
| Ochrophytes (Stramenophiles) |
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Definition
-photosynthetic type that are usually golden brown
-most have chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, beta-carotene, and fucoxanthin
-end product of photosynthesis is laminarin(complex carb)
-silicolaflagellates:
-abundant in cold marine waters
-basket-shaped external skeletons of
silica which cell wraps around |
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Term
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Definition
-frustule: 2 part, box shaped organic cell wall impregnated with silica
-valve: one half of a fustule; 1 valve is larger and fits over the other like a box lid
-2 basic diatom shapes:
-radically symmetrical valves (generally planktonic)
-bilaterally symmetrical valves (generally benthic)
-some benthic diatoms move by mucilage secrition from pores and grooves
-asexual reproduction by fission:
-each daughter cell gets 1 valve and has to grow a second valve, smaller one to complete fustule |
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Term
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Definition
-frustules of dead diatoms sink and collect on seafloor to form siliceous oozes
-accumulations form sedimentary rock
-deposits called diatomaceous earth, used as filtering material, a mild abrasive, and for sound proofing and insulation products
-diatom productivity and death is responsible for most petroleum reserves |
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Term
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Definition
-spindle shaped osmotrophic cells
-labyrintholids
-example: labyrinthulazosterae, which caused devastating eel grass wasting disease
-thraustochytrids:
-planktonic and benthic decomposers
-some are pathogen of shellfish
-used to produce dietary supplements of the poly unsaturated omega 3 fatty acid docosahexaeonic acid (DHA) |
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Term
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Definition
-photosynthetic organisms with 2 simple flagella used for locomotion
-have haptonema: a unique structure arising from the cell surface between the two flagella, which captures food
-most are coccolithopheres with a surface coating of disc-shaped scales (coliths) of calcium carbonate
-remains form calcareous oozes |
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Term
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Definition
-have membrane sacs (alveoli) beneath their cell membrane
-pellicle-term for the cell surface if the combination of cell membrane and alveoli is complex (distinct from cell wall)
-examples: dinoflagellates, ciliates, apocomplexans (strictly parasitic) |
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Term
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Definition
-globular, unicellular(sometimes colonial)
-dinosporin: unique chemical assosiated with cellulose plates within the alveoli of dinoflagellates
-heterokont flagella
-simple flagellum encircles cell in the cingulum(horozontal groove) and produces a spinning motion
-longer flagellum with hairlike filaments trails down the sulcus(longitudinal groove) and imports most of the forward motion of the cell
-unarmored dinoflagellates have few or no cellulose plates in pellicle
-armored dinoflagellates have multiple layers of them
-number, size, and shapes of plates are used to identify the different species
-photosynthetic ones have chlorophyll a and c, beta-carotene, and peridinin(xanthophyll, which impacts a golden-brown color)
-mixotrophic photosynthetic ones supplement photosynthesis by osmotrophy( absorbing nutrients) or phagotrophy(engulfing nutrients)
-asexual reproduction by fission
-sexual reproduction by fusion and meiosis
-often have dormant stages(cyst formation)
-major components of phytoplankton
-some are parasites of copeopods (crustaceans)
-zooxanthellae-species lacking flagella which are symbionts of jellyfish, corals, and molluscs
-photosynthetic zooxanthelae provide food for hosts, hosts provide CO2, other nutrients, and shelter
-Harmful algal blooms (HABs)occur when photosynthetic dinoflagellates undergo a population explosion. Colors the water red, orange, or brown. Dinoflagellates that cause HABs produce toxins
-poralytic shellfish poisoning occurs in humans who consume shellfish contaminated with these toxins
-oxygen content of the water may be reduced to deadly levels as bacteria decompose animals killed by dinoflagellate toxins |
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Term
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Definition
-protozoans that bear cilia for locomotion and for gathering food
-membranelles: tufts or long rows of fused adjacent cilia
-cytostome: organelle serving as a permanent site for phagocytosis of food
-10micrometers to 3mm long, members of plankton and bethos
-asexual reproduction by conjugation(nuclei transfer)
-most are heterotrophs,some harbor autotrophic symbionts or chloroplasts
-like hetero and autotrophic blue-green bacteria to higher levels in food chain |
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Term
| Amoeboid protozoan details |
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Definition
-2 major phyla:
-foraminifrans (abundant, diverse)
-athopods, which include:
-radiolarians (prodominant type)
-acantharians
-heliozoans
-all have an organelle called a pseudopod-extension of the cell surface that can change shape and is used for locomotion (benthic specied) and food capture (benthic and pelagic)
-most have a test: an externally created organic membrane often covered with particles or strengthened by mineral secretions |
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Term
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Definition
-have branched pseudopods that form neticulopods(elaborate, net-like structures) used to snare prey, crawl(benthic), reduce shrinking rate(pelagic)
-often have elaborate, multi-chambered tests of calcium carbonate
-globigerina ooze: sediments of dead planktonic forams, largely globigerina
-zooxanthellae live within cytoplasm of many forams from nutrient-poor waters
-photosynthetic zooxanthellae use foram water products, such as ammonia, as nutrtients |
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Term
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Definition
-named for long, needle like pseudopods
-central nuclear region is surrounded by a capsule: an external organic membrane
-pseudopods pass through pores in the capsule and form a region called calymma
-pseudopods capture food and slow sinking
-radiolarian oozes form from the internal skeleton of silica of dead radiolarians
-live in photic zone
-prey on phytoplankton and zooplankton, sometimes copepods |
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Term
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Definition
-phylum of marine and fresh water flagellated cells that are more closely related to animals than any other group of one-celled microbes
-unicellular or colonial
-colonies may be stalked or embedded in a gelatinous mass
-cell often surrounded by alorica of siliceous roda, flagellum is surrounded by a funnel shaped collar of microvilli
-highly efficient consumers of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
1)multicellular
-distinguishes them from bacteria and most protists
2)have eukaryotic cells without cell walls
-distinguishes them from bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants
3)cannot produce their own food, depend on other organisms for nutrients
4) can actually move(with the exception of adult sponges) |
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Term
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Definition
-Phylum: Porifera
-simple, asymmetric, sessile:permanently attached to a solid surface, have many shapes, sizes, and colors
-body is built around a system of water canals
-ostia: tiny holes or pores through which water enters sponges body
-spongocoel: spacious cavity in sponge
-osculum: large opening through which water exits from spongocoel
-lacking tissues, sponges have specialized cells
-collar cells(choanocytes) use their flagella to provide force for moving water through the sponges body
-pinacocytes in a layer provide another covering for the sponge
-archaeocytes-cells that resemble amoebas, and can move through the body
-can assume any of the other cell forms, for transport materials
-spicules: skeletal elements that give support to a sponges body, which are produced by specialized cells and composed of calcium carbonate, silica, or spongin
-spongin: protein that forms flexible fibers
-sponge size is limited by water circulation
-asconoid: simplest form; tubular and always small
-syconoid: sponges that exhibit the first stages of body wall folding
-leuconoid: sponge with the highest degree of folding, which have many chambers lined with collar cells
-demospongia(spongin)
-hyalospongia(glass)
-sclerospongia(calcium carbonate)
-sponges are suspension feeders:feed on material that is suspended in sea water
-filter feeders: filter food from water
-one of the few animals that can capture particles 0.1 to 1.0 micrometers in size
-asexual reproduction (regeneration-totipotent)
-budding: group of cells on outer surface of sponge develops and grows into tiny new sponge, which drops off
-fragmentation: production of a new sponge from pieces that are broken off
-sexual reproduction
-eggs usually develop from archaeocytes and sperm from modified collar cells
-larval stage is a planktonic amphibiastula
-compete for space to attach with forals and bryozoans
-few species eat sponges
-spicules are like needles
-some produce chemical deterrant
-major food source for hawksbill sea turtle
-sponges are mutualistic or commensalistic hosts to many organisms
-many organisms live within canals or spongocoel, for protection and water flow
-sponges recycle calcium as they burrow into coral and mollusc shells |
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