"Father" of marine biology

Described nearshore animals

Scala Naturae - First classification scheme

  Considered the "Father" of marine biology. He described in great detail nearshore animals and is responsible for the

first classification scheme known as the Scala Naturae

Inductive reasoning is based on observation. People using inductive reasoning find a pattern in a collection of specific observations and draw a general conclusion based on that pattern.

   (sharks and sailfishes have gills so all fishes have gills)

Deductive reasoning is based on laws or general principles. People using deductive reasoning apply a general principle to a specific example.

         (fish have gills so tunas should have gills)

Rule of Constant Proportions

and its biological implication

The relative amount of ions in seawater is always the same.

Marine organisms must deal with fluctuations in overall salinity but not with changes in ratios of ions. Makes osmoregulation (control of internal salt concentration) easier.

  Define Salinity

and

How is it measured

Total amount of salts dissolved in seawater.

Remains fairly constant in open ocean.

Varies close to shore.

Expressed as parts per thousand.

#1 Chloride 55.0%

#2 Sodium 30.6%

#3 Sulfate 7.7%

A hypothesis is a testable statement that MAY be true and can be proven false.

A theory is a hypothesis that has been extensively tested and generally accepted to be true.

Included naturalist on trips

3 voyages to explore all the oceans

accurate charts

collected marine animals, plants.

Naturalist on the ship Beagle, sailed around the world 1831-1835.

Explained how coral atolls form.

Theory of natural selection.

Wrote treaty on barnacles.

Wrote On the Origin of Species

A naturalist who sailed around the world. Wrote On the Origins of Species, and the treatise on barnacles. Explained how coral atolls form and took credit for the theory of Natural Selection

(1872-1876)

A Converted British warship.

The first major oceanographic expedition.

Sailed around the world collecting 50 volumes of data taking 19 years to publish. Set new standards for measurements and record keeping

 A converted British warship that took on the first major oceanographic expedition. Sailing around the world this crew set the standard for measurements and record keeping

The Challenger expedition

(1872-1876)

Started in 1877.

Collected and observed marine organisms incl. from deep water.

Theorized that animal colors related to light at different depths.

Which Ocean is the largest?

hint: its also the deepest.

Which Ocean is the smallest?

hint: its also the shallowest

 Which Ocean is Shrinking?

Why?

The Pacific ocean is getting smaller, because the crustal plates carrying the Eurasian and the American continents are moving towards each other.

 Which Ocean is growing?

Why?

The Atlantic Ocean is growing due to seafloor spreading from the mid atlantic ridge.

 Which is older Oceanic or

Continental Crust?

Continental Crust

 What happens when two

continental plates converge?

 What happens when an oceanic

and a continental plate converge?

False.

The oldest sea floor (the first Atlantic sea floor

formed that is still preserved) is found closest to the continents.

True.

Most plates do contain both oceanic and continental crust because plate boundaries do not always follow the edges of the continents.

 Most processes that affect the

ocean's salinity occur where in the ocean?

On the Surface.

All processes that affect ocean salinity (such as precipitation, evaporation, and ice forming and melting) occur at the ocean surface.

True.

Latent heat is absorbed or released only as water undergoes a change in state and is related to the formation (or breaking of) hydrogen bonds.

 Water density  goes ___ as temp.

goes down?

True until what happens?

Density goes up as temp

goes down.

Until the water freezes.

Cohesion vs. Adhesion

Whats the difference?

Cohesion hydrogen bonds pull on each other

Adhesion hydrogen bonds pull on other substances

Solubility of gases  ___ as

Temp.  decreases?

Why is this important?

Solubility INCREASES as temp. decreases.

Organisms in deep cold water have access

to more O2 than those in warm water.

Which color wavelength penetrates

the ocean the farthest?

Which color penetrates the least?

Blue wavelengths penetrate the furthest

while red penetrate the least.

 The Shelf break to deep-sea floor. It is steeper than

continental shelf resulting in less sediment.

Submarine canyons found here.

 Sediment accumulates from the Shelf and Slope here.

This Gently slopes to ocean bottom.

Why does the polarity of water

make it a good solvent?

What part of the continental margin typically

has the greatest accumulation of sediment?

List the layers of the earth starting

from the center to the surface

Which is a solid and which is liquid?

Inner Core - Solid

Outer Core - Liquid

Lower Mantle - Liquid

Upper Mantle - Solid

Continental Crust - Solid

The Upper Mantle combined with

the continental crust is

know also as the

___

 Ocean currents and Upwelling are

a result of what?

Cold water has stronger surface tension.

 Surface tension is dependent on temperature. The general trend is that surface tension decreases with the increase of temperature reaching a value of 0 at the critical temperature.

What are two functions of Carbohydrates?

Energy Storage

Structural (e.g., chitin, cellulose)

Explain the relationship between

continental drift and plate

tectonics

What is Upwelling?

What causes coastal upwelling?

Upwelling involves wind driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient rich water towards the ocean surface, replacing the warmer, usually nutrient-depleted surface water.

On the coast, Winds pushes surface water out to sea

effectively pulling in deeper water.

True or False. H2O flows parallel to the

equator east to west

What atmospheric events set trade winds in motion?

Which direction do trade winds blow?

Solar radiation causes uneven heating.

Hot air rises from equator creating a vacuum. (similar to what happens in the ocean with upwelling)

Northern Hem. wind blows N to S but due to deflection from the Coriolis Effect they actually go NE to SW.

Rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure, as they would on a non-rotating planet, winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the equator, and to the left of this direction south of the equator. This effect is responsible for the rotation of large cyclones.

45 degrees either direction to/from equator.

Wind Velocity (Speed)

Wind Duration

Fetch (distance that wind blows over H2O)

Describe the difference between steep, spilling and surging breakers. Which is best for surfing?

Steep has plunging breaks

Spilling has a ripple like break.

Surging water does't have time to build

Steep is best for surfing.

Diurnal

Diurnal means daily, with a single high tide and single low tide in each lunar day

Semidiurnal

Semi means twice, and diurnal means daily. This tidal pattern exhibits two nearly equal high tides and two nearly equal low tides per lunar day.

True

Water is pulled away from Earth toward a body (such as the Moon or Sun) by gravitational attraction. This “pulling” of water creates a bulge, which is represented on Earth as a high tide

False.

During spring tides, there is a larger tidal range and better low tides than during neap tide conditions

Spring Tides occur during which moon phases?

Whats going on in relation to the sun, moon and earth?

Occur during New and Full moons.

The sun, moon and earth are all aligned.

Neap Tides occur during which moon phases?

Whats going on in relation to the sun, moon and earth?

Occur in First and Third Quarter moons.

Sun and moon form a right angle with respect to the earth.

Land plants evolved from..

Metabolism

Growth

Difference from, reaction to, ext. envt.

Reproduction

Respiration

(usually occurs in mitochondrion)

Autotrophs vs Heterotrophs..

Whats the difference?

Autotrophs are "self-feeders" while Heterotrophs are "other-feeders"

Prokaryotic cells

are structurally simple.

They lack a nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria.

single DNA molecule.

Small.

(Bacteria,others)

Come in circle shape, rod shape, beaded rod shape, wiggly line shape.

Eukaryotic cells

are structurally complex

Have a nucleus + mitochondria (maybe) chloroplasts

DNA divided into serveral chromosones

can get very large

(Animals,Plants,etc.)

In which Domains would we find marine microbes?

Blade

Stipe

Holdfast

Pneumatocyst

The complete body of seaweed is called ___?

It can consist of what 4 parts?