Term
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Definition
| the amount of food marine organisms can produce and the number of organisms the oceans can support |
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Term
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Definition
| study of oceans and their waves, currents, and tides |
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Term
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Definition
| study of living organisms that inahbit the seas and their interactions with eachother and their environment |
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Term
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Definition
| explanations that can be tested by experiments |
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Term
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Definition
| looking at individual observations and proposing a general explanation for them |
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Term
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Definition
| observations suggest some general principle or idea form which specific statements can be derived |
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Term
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Definition
| gathering and analyzing info, take observations, propose hypothesis, design experiments, gather results, and draw conclusions |
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Term
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Definition
| can bind hydgrogen ions and remove them from a solution |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| trial that contains the experimental variable |
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Term
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Definition
| trial without that experimental variable |
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Term
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Definition
| represents a body of observations and experimental support that have stood the test of time |
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Term
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Definition
| hypothesis are supported or denied on the basis of observations alone rather than controlled experimentation |
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Term
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Definition
| systems composed of living organisms and their non living environment |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the earths ecosystems taken together |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| non living (pressure, salinity,etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| specific place in the environment where an organism is found |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller subdivisions of habitats |
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Term
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Definition
| internal balancing of factors that occurs in the face of changes in the external environment |
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Term
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Definition
| range of environmental factors to which an organism is best adapted |
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Term
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Definition
| regions above or below the optimal range of an environmental variable |
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Term
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Definition
| zones where environmental variable is so far from the optimal range that the organism cannot survive |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny plantlike organisms and bacteria that float in ocean currents |
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Term
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Definition
| obtain body heat from surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| maintain constant body temp |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical reactions within cells |
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Term
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Definition
| region that is covered at high tide and exposed at low tide |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of the concentration of dissolved inorganic salts in water |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that are dissolved in water |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of water across a membrane in response to differences in concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| food and organic and inorganic mterials that an organism needs to metabolize, grow, and reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
| nutrients that limit the number or distribution of marine organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| require oxygen for survival |
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Term
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Definition
| can survive and thrive in absense of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| population explosions of certain types of photosynthetic plankton |
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Term
| interspecific competition |
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Definition
| competition b/w similar species |
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Term
| intraspecific competition |
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Definition
| b/w members of a single species |
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Term
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Definition
| local extinction of less successful competitor |
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Term
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Definition
| process that allows organisms to share a resource |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| animal whose presence in a community makes it possible for many other species to live there |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| one benefits, other not effected |
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Term
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Definition
| parasite lives off the host, parasite benefits, host is harmed |
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Term
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Definition
| group of same species living in same area |
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Term
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Definition
| many diff species living in same area |
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Term
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Definition
| ddition of new members to a population through reproduction or immigration |
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Term
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Definition
| rate at which larva leave water column and settle to bottom |
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Term
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Definition
| large population increase |
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Term
| exponention (lograrithmic) growth |
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Definition
| pattern of population growth characterized by initial slow growth and increasingly rapid growth |
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Term
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Definition
| growth is exponential and then reaches equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| oceans water(water column) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| water over continental shelves |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| extends from line of lowest tide to edge of continental shelf |
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Term
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Definition
| from edge of continental shelf to 4K meters |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| depth more than 6K meters |
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Term
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Definition
| benthic organisms living on bottom |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| use energy from chemical reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| rate at which energy rich food molecules are being produced from inorganic molecules |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| eat producers and consumers |
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Term
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Definition
| eat animal waste and other organic matter |
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Term
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Definition
| break down tissue of dead plants and animals and help recycle nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| dissolved organic matter (DOM) |
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Definition
| organic molecules that are lost or released into the water column |
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Term
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Definition
| percentage of energy that is taken in as food by one trophic level and passed on as food to the next higher trophic level |
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Term
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Definition
| on average, only approximately 10% of the energy available at one trophic level is passed along to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| show the flow of energy from one trophic level to another; indicate that the amount of energy available decreases with each trophic level and each trophic level supports fewer organisms as a result |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of all living tissue in an area |
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Term
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Definition
| indicate relationships among trophic levels |
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Term
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Definition
| any free oxygen gas origninally present that combines with other elements to form compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| having a positvely charged end and negatively charged end |
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Term
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Definition
| weak attractive forces that occur b/w the slightly positive hydrogen atoms of one molecule and the slightly negative oxygen ends of a neighboring molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| particle that carries an electrical charge |
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Term
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Definition
| property of liquids characterized by the clinging together of molecules at the exposed surfaceas the result of cohesive forces |
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Term
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Definition
| attractiveness to the surface of objects that carry electrical charges |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of water to rise in narrow spaces |
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Term
| specific heat (thermal capacity) |
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Definition
| the amount of heat energy required to change 1 gram of a substance 1 degree celsius |
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Term
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Definition
| compounds that release hydrogen icons (H+) when they are added to water |
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Term
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Definition
| an indicator of the number (concentration) of hydrogen ions in a volume of a solution, it is equal to the negative logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. Ranges from 0 to 14. numbers below 7 indicate an acidic solution, above 7 indicate a basic (alkaline) solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| concentration of salt in a given volume of water |
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Term
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Definition
| elements that are dissolved in seawater but present in concentrations of less that one part per million |
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Term
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Definition
| grams of salt per kilogram of water |
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Term
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Definition
| salt deposits from shallow extensions of the ocean becoming cut off from the sea and the water evaporating |
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Term
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Definition
| removing the largest amounts of salt, involving ions sticking to the surface of fine particles |
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Term
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Definition
| area in which oxygen is depleated by the resident animal life but not replaced by photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that can maintain a pH of a solution at a relatively constant point |
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Term
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Definition
| large molecules ( carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) |
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Term
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Definition
| contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| simple sugars. small molecules containing 5 or 6 carbon atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| 6 carbon sugar. basic fuel molecule for living cells |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of 2 bonded monosaccarides |
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Term
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Definition
| common table sugar, contains molecule of fructose and molecule of glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| disaccaride formed from 2 molecules of glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| milk sugar. contains a molecule of glucose and glactose. found in mamalian milk. |
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Term
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Definition
| type of carbohydrate that is a polymer of monosaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
| large molecule that consists of the same basic units linked together |
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Term
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Definition
| store polysaccharides produced by plants, animals, and some microorganisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| animal starch. produced by animals and some unicellular organisms to store glucose for future use |
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Term
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Definition
| structural polysaccharide. found in cell walls of plants and algae as well as their stiff supportive structures. polymer of glucose molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| polymer composed of molecules of N-acetylglucosamine and is also strong and durable. in cell walls on fungi and the hard exterior skeletons of some marine animals (crabs, lobsters) |
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Term
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Definition
| macromolecules composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen. made up of fatty acids, which are made up of long hydrocarbon chains containing an acid group |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of 3 fatty acids attached to a carbohydrate molecule known as glycerol |
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Term
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Definition
| in membranes that surround cells and some of the internal components of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| lipids that have complex ring structures. function as chemical messengers within the bodies of animals |
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Term
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Definition
| polymers made up of amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules that are the building blocks of proteins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions, allowing metabolism to function efficiently |
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Term
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Definition
| polymers of molecules called nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| molecule consisting of a 5 carbon sugar, an organic base, and a phosphate group. building blocks of nucleic acids and are found in other important molecules |
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Term
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
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Definition
| large molecule with the shape of a helix. contains organisms genetic information |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms genetic information |
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Term
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Definition
| single stranded nucleic acid that functions in protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| information carried by individual genes is coped (transcribed) from DNA onto a molecule of RNA known as mRNA (messenger RNA). messege is decoded (translated) by a ribosome. it then synthesizes protein by connecting the appropriate amino acids that are brought to the ribosome by a third type of rna (tansfer rna) proteins produced make new cell parts and enzymes that give cells their characteristcs |
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Term
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Definition
| contains instructions for synthesizing a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| organelle consisting of protein and RNA. site of protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| type of structural RNA found in ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| carries amino acids to ribosomes for their incorporation into protein |
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Term
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Definition
| basic unit of all living organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| tough rigid structure that surrounds come cells. give protection and support |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| internal structures of a cell that perform specific jobs within a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| combination of cytosol and organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| well defined nucleus and many membrane bound organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| can be unicellular or multi cellular |
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Term
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Definition
| large structure surrounded by a nuclear membrane composed of 2 layers of plasms membrane. contains cells dna and acts as cells control center |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| area of nucleus where ribosomes are assembled |
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Term
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
| series of membranes that wind through the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| has ribosomes attached to surface |
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Term
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Definition
| doesnt have ribosomes attached |
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Term
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Definition
| modify molecules and place plasma membranes around them |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane bound sacs produced by golgi apparatus. contain enzymes that function in digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| structures surrounded by a plasma membrane and may contain food, wastes, and water. |
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Term
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Definition
| organelles that function in converting the radiant energy of light into chemical energy |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer the chemical energy in food to molecules of ATP |
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Term
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
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Definition
| supplies the energy for most of the metabolism and other activities that occur in living cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| membrane bound discs in chloroplasts that contain pigment molecules that are needed to trap the radiant energy of light |
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Term
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Definition
| thykaloids arranged in stacks |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid material surrounding the grana that contains the enzymes nessesary to convert carbon in carbon dioxide into an organic form |
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Term
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Definition
| converting carbon in carbon dioxide into an organic form |
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Term
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Definition
| releases energy from food molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| cell division in prokaryotes. chromosome duplicates, 2 chromosome copies migrate to opposite sides of the cell, cell splits in 2 making 2 daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cell division in eukaryotes. nucleus divides. |
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Term
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Definition
| actual division of the cell into 2 new cells |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which populations of organisms change over time |
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Term
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Definition
| process that favors the survival and reproduction of those organisms that posess variations best suited to their environment |
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Term
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Definition
| physical and biological characteristics of the environment (temp, salinity, predation, availability of food) that favor the survival of one species over another |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| study of the structure and function of nucleic acids like DNA |
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Term
| modern synthetic theory of evolution |
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Definition
| darwins theory of evolution by natural selection as modified by modern genetics |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 or more forms of a single gene |
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Term
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Definition
| offspring recieve genes from only 1 parent. they are identical to the parent in all of their characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes from 2 parents are combined when gametes unite during fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes from 2 parents are combined when gametes unite during fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| process in which a male gamete fuses with a female gamete to form a zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which a male gamete fuses with a female gamete to form a zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| number of chromosomes. represented by 2N. N=number of different chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| gametes only have a single copy of each chromosome |
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Term
| meiosis(reduction division) |
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Definition
| produces cells with nuclei containing only 1/2 the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. chromosomes are duplicated once in meiosis and then cell divides twice |
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Term
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Definition
| produces chromosomes with combinations of alleles that didnt exist before the meiotic division |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of new combinations of alleles that results from crossing over |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the alleles in a given population that exist in a given time |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms biological success |
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Term
| typological definition of species |
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Definition
| defining of species based on morphology or appearence |
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Term
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Definition
| structure or appearance of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| a museum specimen that is considered to be representative of a species for the purpose of identification |
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Term
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Definition
| males and females of a species look different from eachother |
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Term
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Definition
| members of different species arnt in the same place at the same time or are physically incapable of breeding |
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Term
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Definition
| preventative mechanisms. prevent fertilization from ever occuring or prevent successful reproduction following fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| prevention of interbreeding between different species in nature due to their occupying different habitats |
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Term
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Definition
| prevention of interbreeding between different species in nature due to incompatible copulatory organs |
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Term
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Definition
| prevention of interbreeding due to differences in mating behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| prevention of interbreeding between different species in nature due to their mating at different times of the day or different times of the year |
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Term
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Definition
| prevention of interbreeding between different species in nature due to molecular differences at the cellular level |
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Term
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Definition
| offspring produced by breeding between two different species |
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Term
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Definition
| various mechanisms by which new species arise |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of new species that occurs when two or more populations or parts of a large population become geographically isolated from eachother |
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Term
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Definition
| describing, classifying, and naming organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| system of naming that uses 2 words to identify an organism ( genus and species epithet) |
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Term
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Definition
| first name in the 2 part latin name for an organism. |
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Term
| species epithet (species) |
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Definition
| second part of a 2 part latin name for an organism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| one of the 3 domains. contains prokaryotes that lack molecules known as peptidoglycans in their cell walls and can tolerate extreme environmental conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| domain of life that contains all of the eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| eukaryotic organisms that arnt capable of photosynthesis and whos cell walls contain the polysaccharide chitin |
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Term
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Definition
| have cells with cell walls containing the polysaccharide cellulose |
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Term
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Definition
| all multicellular. cells lack cell walls and are ingestive heterotrophs |
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Term
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Definition
| eukaryotic organisms that dont fit the definition of an animal, plant, or fungus. |
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Term
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Definition
| animal whose tissues and cells can tolerate dilution |
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Term
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Definition
| animal that can maintain an optimal salt concentration in its tissues regardless of the salt content of its environment |
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