Breastbone

anterior midline of the thorax

dagger

manubrium="knife handle" shaped like the knot of a neck tie.

body=midportion forms the bulk of the sternum

xiphoid process=forms the inferior end of the sternum,plate of hyaline cartilage in youth, but ossified in adults over 40 and serves as attachment for some ab muscles.

Frontal Bone

Occipital Bone

Parietal Bone

Temporal Bone

fontanelles=unossified remnants of fibrous membranes,"soft spot"

anterior fontanelle=large diamond shape.

80 bones segregated into three major regions

Skull

Vertebral Column 

Thoracic Cage

PITUITARY GLAND

sella turcica "turks saddle". 

The seat of the saddle called the 

HYPOPHYSEAL FOSSA

forms a snug enclosure for the pituitary gland

HYOID BONE

UNIQUENES

U-Shaped

miniature version of the mandible

unique because it is the only bone that does not articulate directly with any other bone.

anchored by stylohyoid ligaments to the styloid processes of the temporal bones.

INTERVERTEBRAL DISC

(MAJOR FUNCTION)

SHOCK ABSORBER DURING WALKING, JUMPING AND RUNNING, ALLOWS THE SPINE TO FLEX AND EXTEND AND TO A LESSER EXTENT BEND LATERALLY.

25% OF THE HEIGHT OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN.

FRONTAL

SPHENOID

ETHMOID

MAXILLARY (PAIRED)

CERVICAL CURVATURES=7 VERTEBRAE C1-C7

THORACIC CURVATURES=12 VERTEBRAE T1-T12

LUMBAR CURVATURES=5 VERTEBRAE L1-L5

SACRAL CURVATURES=5 FUSED VERTEBRAE

SACRUM

COCCYX=4 FUSED VERTEBRAE

MEAL TIME=7AM,12NOON,5PM

12 VERTEBRAE ALL ARTICULATE WITH THE RIBS

INCREASE IN SIZE FROM FIRST TO LAST

BODY IS HEART SHAPED

VERTEBRAL FORMEN IS CIRCULAR

SPINOUS PROCESS IS LONG/POINTS SHARPLY DOWN

WITH THE EXCEPTION OF T11 AND T12 THE TRANSVERSE PROCESSES HAVE FACETS

SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR FACETS LIE MAINLY IN THE FRONTAL PLATE/PREVENTS FLEXION AND EXTENSION

THIGH=FEMUR

LEG=TIBIA 

FOOT=TALUS AND CALCANEUS

METATARSUS=FIRST METATARSAL

ARCHES

BAR OR PLATE OF HYALINE CARTILAGE UNITES THE BONES AT THE SYCHONDROSIS

EPIPHYSEAL PLATES

"SEAMS"

OCCUR ONLY BETWEEN BONES OF THE SKULL

SHORT CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS

KNIT THE BONES TOGETHER YET ALLOW THE BONES TO EXPAND AS THE BRAIN GROWS

ELLIPSOIDAL

OVAL ARTICULAR SURFACE OF ONE BONE FITS INTO A COMPLEMENTARY DEPRESSION OF ANOTHER

BOTH ARTICULATING SURFACES ARE OVAL

RADIOCARPAL(WRIST)

METACARPOPHALANGEAL(KNUCKLE)

ROUNDED END OF ONE BONE CONFORMS TO A "SLEEVE" OR RING COMPOSED OF BONE OF ANOTHER

UNIAXIAL ROTATION

HEAD FROM SIDE TO SIDE AS SAYING "NO"

MOTION IS ALONG A SINGLE PLANE AND RESEMBLES THAT OF A MECHANICAL HINGE

UNIAXIAL HINGE JOINTS PERMIT FLEXION AND EXTENSION ONLY 

BENDING AND STRAIGHTENING THE ELBOW

ARTICULAR SUFACE IS FLAT 

ALLOW ONLY SHORT NONAXIAL GLIDING MOVEMENT

MOVING A LIMB SO THAT IT DESCRIBES A CONE IN SPACE

SHOULDER AND HIP BONE

EXCESSIVE EXTENSION 

EXTENDING THE HEAD OR HIP JOINT BEYOND ANATOMICAL POSITION

BENDING MOVEMENT, USUALLY ALONG THE SAGITTAL PLANE, THE DECREASES THE ANGLE OF THE JOINT AND BRINGS THE BONES CLOSER TOGETHER.

BENDING THE HEAD FORWARD TO THE CHEST

REVERSE OF FLEXION AND OCCURS AT THE SAME JOINTS

MOVEMENT ALONG THE SAGITTAL PLANE THAT INCREASES THE ANGLE BETWEEN ARTICULATING BONES

STRAIGHTENING OF A FLEXED NECK, BODY TRUNK, ELBOW OR KNEE

C-SHAPED

ATTACHED ONLY AT THEIR OUTER MARGINS AND ARE FREQUENTLY TORN

SPECIAL MOVEMENTS OF THE FOOT

SOLE OF THE FOOT TURNS MEDIALLY