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MAP VAP 24.1-26.13
UCCS Bio 2020 Lykins- Exam 4
112
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/21/2014
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Term
Urine is eliminated through the
Definition
urethra.
Term
The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is stabilized by
Definition
all of the above
Term
The ______ collects the urine produced by a single kidney lobe.
Definition
minor calyx
Term
Which renal structure begins in the renal cortex, and carries tubular fluid through the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla?
Definition
collecting duct
Term
Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the
Definition
renal corpuscle.
Term
The proximal convoluted tubule is the main region responsible for _____ .
Definition
reabsorbing nutrients.
Term
The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries.
Definition
peritubular
Term
______ deliver blood to the glomerulus.
Definition
Afferent arterioles
Term
Which of the following reabsorbs 25% of the water in the nephron?
Definition
nephron loop
Term
Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include
Definition
all of the above
Term
The process of filtration occurs at
Definition
the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
Term
Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.
Definition
180
Term
The ______ control(s) capillary diameter and the rate of capillary blood flow.
Definition
mesangial cells
Term
The process of filtration is driven by
Definition
blood hydrostatic pressure.
Term
Substances larger than ________ do not pass through the filtration membrane.
Definition
albumin
Term
Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures: Which of those pressures is a pressure that favors the filtration pressure?
Definition
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Term
Most solutes that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule use which of the following pathways?
Definition

transcellular


Yes, most substances are reabsorbed first through the luminal and then through the basolateral membranes of the proximal convoluted tubule.
Term
During reabsorption of water in the proximal convoluted tubule, what causes water to osmose from the lumen into the interstitial space?
Definition

an increase in the osmolarity of the interstitium


Yes, the increase in osmolarity causes the water to move into the interstitium.
Term
The decreased intracellular concentration of sodium in tubular cells during active transport is caused by which of the following mechanisms?
Definition

the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the basolateral membrane


Yes, this pump moves sodium out of the cell into the interstitium, thus decreasing intracellular sodium.
Term
The active transport of which ion out of proximal convoluted tubule cells causes the reabsorption of both water and solutes?
Definition

sodium


Yes, the active transport of sodium out of the cell, across the basolateral membrane into the interstitium, provides the driving force for reabsorption of both water and solutes.
Term
Which of the following transporters in the luminal membrane results in secretion?
Definition

Na+-H+ countertransport


Yes, because this is a countertransporter, Na+ is transported into the cell and H+ is transported out of the cell into the lumen.
Term
What is the limiting factor for the reabsorption of most actively transported solutes in the proximal tubule?
Definition

number of transport carriers in the luminal membrane

 

Yes, the number of carriers is the rate-limiting factor. For example, in Diabetes Mellitus, plasma glucose levels are very high, and the sodium-glucose transporter cannot transport (reabsorb) all the glucose passing through the proximal tubule. Glucose is therefore found in the urine.
Term
Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following, except
Definition
stem cell movements.
Term
What percentage of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, etc) are reabsorbed in the PCT?
Definition
99%
Term
Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by
Definition
cotransport with Na ions.
Term
Which of the following is greater?
Definition
the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)
Term
The general characteristics of normal urine do not include which of the following?
Definition
a volume of 100-250 mL/day
Term
When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,
Definition
more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases.
Term
The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of
Definition
both the collecting duct and the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
Term
Antidiuretic hormone
Definition
increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
Term
A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to
Definition
absence of ADH.
Term
The filtrate produced at the renal corpuscle has:
Definition
the same osmotic concentration as plasma.
Term
________ is (are) an immediately life-threatening condition, however, if an individual survives the incident, full recovery is often possible.
Definition
Acute renal failure
Term
An inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is
Definition
renal failure.
Term
As diffusion takes place across the dialysis membrane, which of the following diffuse(s) into the bloodstream?
Definition
bicarbonate ions
Term
Which of the following nitrogenous wastes has the lowest concentration (mg/dL) in normal urine?
Definition
uric acid
Term
Contraction of which structure compresses the urinary bladder and expels its contents into the urethra?
Definition
detrusor muscle
Term
Which of the following statements about aldosterone is NOT correct?
Definition

Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by increasing the number of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule.


Yes, this is the incorrect statement. Aldosterone increases the number of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the basolateral membrane of the distal tubules and collecting ducts.
Term
Which of the following statements about ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is correct?
Definition

ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland.


Yes, this is correct. ADH is synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland.
Term
What is the osmolarity of the filtrate at the end of the proximal tubule?
Definition

isotonic – 300 mOsm


Yes, the osmolarity of the filtrate would be about 300 mOsm because both solutes and water are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. As particles are reabsorbed, water follows osmotically.
Term
In overhydration, what would be the levels of ADH (high, normal, or low) and what would be the osmolarity of the urine?
Definition

ADH – low; 100 mOsm (urine)


Yes, in overhydration, ADH would be very low and the cells of the collecting duct would be relatively impermeable to water and urea. Thus, the final urine would be dilute, having an osmolarity of about 100 mOsm.
Term
In severe dehydration or blood loss, what would be the levels of ADH and what would be the urine flow rate?
Definition

ADH – high; low urine flow rate (0.25 ml/min)


Yes, ADH would be high, causing a large percentage of the water to be reabsorbed. Therefore, the urine flow rate would be low.
Term
The detrusor muscle
Definition
compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.
Term
Which nervous system structure(s) relays the sensation of urinary bladder fullness to the cerebral cortex in the micturition reflex?
Definition
projection fibers
Term

During the micturition reflex, 

A stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord. 
B sympathetic motor neurons that control the detrusor muscle become active. 
C the internal sphincter is consciously relaxed. 
D all of the above 
E none of the above

 Definition

stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord. 
Term
The micturition reflex is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system.
Definition
true
Term
The condition called ________ is characterized by painful or difficult urination. This condition can be due to pathologic or benign causes.
Definition
dysuria
Term
Hormonal or metabolic complications such as those associated with diabetes or glomerulonephritis result in:
Definition
polyuria
Term
When pure water is consumed,
Definition
osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.
Term
When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,
Definition
osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.
Term
Consuming a meal high in salt will
result in a temporary increase in blood volume.
Definition
result in a temporary increase in blood volume.
Term
Which of the following bulk minerals has the highest recommended dietary allowance (RDA), at 4700 mg?
Definition
potassium
Term
Which electrolyte is absorbed along the digestive tract via active transport only?
Definition

 
Term
The principal cation in cytoplasm is
Definition
potassium
Term
Which of the following is required as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis?
Definition
copper
Term
Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption?
Definition
aldosterone
Term
Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume?
Definition
natriuretic peptides
Term
The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of
Definition
sodium ions.
Term
The release of natriuretic peptides from the heart will cause the body to
Definition
both decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions
Term
Which of the following is an extensive mesentery that attaches to the sides and floor of the pelvic cavity?
Definition
broad ligament
Term
Which of the following muscles move the testes towards the body?
Definition
both the cremaster and the dartos
Term
Within which structure does sperm production occur?
Definition
seminiferous tubule
Term
Sperm develop from stem cells called
Definition
spermatogonia.
Term
How many tetrads form during synapsis?
Definition
23
Term
Within spaces between the seminiferous tubules, the interstitial cells:
Definition
are responsible for the production of androgens.
Term
Nurse cells
Definition
all of the above
Term
The bulbo-urethral glands:
Definition
secrete a thick, alkaline mucus that helps neutralize any urinary acids.
Term
Arrange the four structures listed below into the order in which sperm pass from the testis to the urethral meatus.
1. ductus deferens
2. urethra
3. ejaculatory duct
4. epididymis
 Definition
4, 1, 3, 2
Term
The organ that monitors and adjusts the composition of tubular fluid, recycles damaged spermatozoa, and is the site of sperm maturation is the
Definition
epididymis.
Term
The organ that is posterior to the urinary bladder is (are) the
Definition
seminal glands (seminal vesicles).
Term
Functions of the accessory glands of the male reproductive system include all of the following, except
Definition
production of spermatozoa.
Term
Which is true with regard to the emission phase in male sexual activity?
Definition
It begins with peristaltic contractions in the ampullae of the ductus deferens.
Term
Which structure surrounds the tip of the penis, attaches to the relatively narrow neck of the penis, and continues over the glans?
Definition
prepuce
Term
Sperm are moved along the ductus deferens by
Definition
peristaltic contractions.
Term
The rectouterine pouch:
Definition
is formed between the posterior wall of the uterus and the anterior surface of the colon.
Term
Which male accessory organ functions as the site of sperm maturation?
Definition
epididymis
Term
Which ovarian structure remains in a state of suspended animation until the individual reaches puberty?
Definition
primary oocyte
Term
Which is the resulting event if fertilization does not occur?
Definition
The corpus albicans is formed.
Term
The granulosa cells of developing follicles secrete
Definition
estrogens.
Term
Which uterine structure provides much of the force needed to move a fetus out of the uterus and into the vagina?
Definition
myometrium
Term
Which uterine region is the rounded portion of the body superior to the attachment of the uterine tubes?
Definition
fundus
Term
Which region of the uterine tube captures the ovum?
Definition
infundibulum
Term
Which is true regarding menses?
Definition
It marks the beginning of the uterine cycle.
Term
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term endometrium?
Definition
consists of a basilar zone and a functional zone
Term
All of the following are true of the vagina, except that it
Definition
loses a portion of its lining during menses.
Term
The vagina is
Definition
a muscular tube extending between the uterus and the external genitalia.
Term
The clitoris
Definition
all of the above
Term
Another term for vulva is
Definition
female external genitalia.
Term
Near the nipple, each lactiferous duct enlarges, forming an expanded structure called a:
Definition
lactiferous sinus.
Term
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Definition
stimulates spermatogenesis and stimulates maturation of primordial follicles in the ovary.
Term
After ovulation, the ovary secretes
Definition
both estrogen and progesterone.
Term
A mature follicle releases an ovum in response to a surge in
Definition
luteinizing hormone.
Term
Menstruation is triggered by a drop in the levels of
Definition
progesterone.
Term
The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is
Definition
progesterone.
Term
Choose the correct statement regarding testicular cancer.
Definition
Testicular cancer is the most common cancer among males aged 15-35.
Term
Ryan's stress and anxiety make it difficult for him to become sexually aroused, because those emotions
Definition
Inhibit parasympathetic reflexes in his body
Term
Testosterone injections could lower Ryan's sperm count by
Definition
Inhibiting release of GnRH
Term
Which gestational period is dominated by the development of organs and organ systems?
Definition
second trimester
Term
Which fertilization event is regarded as the "moment of conception?"
Definition
when amphimixis occurs
Term
During implantation, the
Definition
syncytial trophoblast erodes a path through the endometrium.
Term
The solid ball of cells that has been likened to a mulberry is called a
Definition
morula.
Term
Gastrulation produces an oval, three-layered sheet known as which of the following?
Definition
embryonic disc
Term
The ectoderm forms
Definition
neural tissues.
Term
The extraembryonic membrane that forms blood cells is the
Definition
yolk sac
Term
The extraembryonic membrane that forms a fluid-filled sac is the
Definition
amnion
Term
Which of the following is one of the critical events of the first trimester?
Definition
all of the above
Term
Definition
relaxin
Term
If fertilization occurs, the ________ is maintained because the embryo secretes ________.
Definition
corpus luteum; human chorionic gonadotrophin
Term
All of the following occur during pregnancy, except that
Definition
Term
By the end of gestation, maternal blood volume normally increases by almost ________ percent.
Definition
50
Term
The first stage of labor is the ________ stage.
Definition
dilation
Term
Stretching of the cervix causes an increase in the blood levels of
Definition
oxytocin
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