Term
|
Definition
Linoleic
linolenic
arachidonic |
|
|
Term
| Triglyceride is made up of? |
|
Definition
| A glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| How much cholesterol does our body synthesize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 functions of cholesterol in the body? |
|
Definition
Nerve coatings
precursor for Vitamin D
bile salt formation
cell membrane integrity |
|
|
Term
| Fatty acid are different primarily because of two factors |
|
Definition
chain length
degree of saturation |
|
|
Term
| For Saturated fats as _____ increases, ______ increases |
|
Definition
chain length
melting point |
|
|
Term
| For unsaturated fats as _____ increase, _____ decreases. |
|
Definition
double bonds
melting point |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecule is completely surrounded or saturated with hydrogen |
|
|
Term
| Polyunsaturated fatty acid |
|
Definition
| Molecule has gaps and double bonds in certain regions of the fat |
|
|
Term
| Animal fats are ____ at room temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vegetable fats are ____ at room temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The conversion of unsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid |
|
|
Term
| 5 functions dietary fats are involved in |
|
Definition
Energy (9 kcal/gm)
Essential fatty acids
Source of fat soluble vitamins
Protection
Palatability |
|
|
Term
| 4 types of lipoprotein found in body |
|
Definition
chylomicron
VLDL (very low density lipoprotien
LDL (low density lipoprotein)
HDL (high ensity lipoprotein) |
|
|
Term
| Which lipoprotein is responsible for transporting fat from intestine to liver? |
|
Definition
| Chylomicron via lymphatic system |
|
|
Term
| Which lipoproteins are responsible for transporting fat to the cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which lipoprotein is thought to protect you from cholesterol damage and atherosclerosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visible hardened fat deposits |
|
|
Term
| Tissue where fat is deposited and how many Kcals of energy there are per pound of this tissue |
|
Definition
| Adipose tissue at ~3500 kcal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids resulting in production of ketone bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Untreated diabetes
low carbohydrate diets (Atkins diet)
fasting |
|
|
Term
| 3 ketone bodies produced during ketosis |
|
Definition
Acetoacetic acid
betahydroxy butyric acid
acetone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plaque formation is the pathological characteristic for? |
|
Definition
Atherosclerosis
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results when an artery is clogged to the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results when an artery is clogged to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results when an artery is clogged to the limb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results when an artery is clogged to the blood vessel |
|
|
Term
| 3 risk factors that the Framingham study shows concerning coronary heart disease |
|
Definition
Smoking
Cholesterol
High Blood Pressure
Note: Over 32 risk factors have been described for this disease |
|
|
Term
| The level of cholesterol above which the risk of coronary heart disease increases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 factors of "Prudent Diet" |
|
Definition
reduce caloric intake
limit dietary cholesterol to 300 mg/day
reduce total fat intake
substitute polyunsat. for sat. fat where possible |
|
|
Term
| Who formed the U.S. Dietary Goals? |
|
Definition
| George McGovern set up a US Senate Committee in the mid 70s |
|
|
Term
| In terms of Kcals, what was the US senate committee's recommendation for the ratio of Kcal's coming from fat, protein, and carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
fat=30%
protein=10%
carbs=60% |
|
|
Term
| USDA Dietary guidelines for Americans |
|
Definition
*eat a variety of foods*
*maintain ideal weight*
avoid too much fat, sat. fat, and cholesterol
eat food w/ adequate starch and fiber
*avoid too much sugar*
avoid too much sodium
*if you drink alcohol, do so in moderation* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
high fat diet
low heart disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rice consumption↓
meat↑
milk↑
life expectancy↑ |
|
|
Term
| Organs that aid in digestion and transport |
|
Definition
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Pancreas
Liver
Gall bladder
Large intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme in saliva that helps breakdown carbohydrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Food swallowed at one time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two sets of muscles (longitudinal and circular) work opposite each other to move food down the esophagus or small intestine.
when circular muscles tighten a bulge forms and when the longitudinal muscles tighten the bolus moves down the lumen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscles that close to keep food contained within the stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| valve at the beginning of the stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| valve at the end of the stomach |
|
|
Term
| 3 muscles that make up the stomach |
|
Definition
outer - longitudinal
middle - circular
inner - diagonal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
using water to break the bond.
major reaction of digestion, breaking down proteins, fats and carbohydrates to their simplest form. |
|
|
Term
| Function of the glycoprotein that is produced in the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enzyme that is important in the digestion of food in the stomach? |
|
Definition
| pepsin which breaks down protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secreted in stomach to achieve pH~2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enzyme responsible for breaking down carbohydrate
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enzyme responsible for breaking down proteins
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enzyme responsible for breaking down lipids (in SI)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secreted into the small intestine to help adjust the pH to neutrality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secreted from the gall bladder
emulsifies the fat for digestion |
|
|
Term
| Advantages of the large intestine |
|
Definition
thriving population of bacteria help to reduce infectious bacteria
produce some vitamins
colon reabsorbs most of the water and salts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| finger-like projections of the small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase the surface area of the small intestine making it a more efficient process of digesting and utilizing the smaller units of protein, fat and carbohydrate |
|
|
Term
| 2 systems in the body where the villi are found and help to transport nutrients throughout the body? |
|
Definition
blood system
lymphatic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| free movement of nutrients in and out of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| requires a carrier or shuttle to move nutrients across the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pumps nutrients across the cell membrane by using a carrier and energy |
|
|
Term
| 2 systems that regulate digestion, absorption and transport |
|
Definition
Nervous system
Endocrine system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone that stops the flow of acid to the stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone that signals the pancreas to produce bicarbonate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone that is used to signal the gall bladder to secrete bile |
|
|
Term
| Gastric-Inhibitory Peptide & CCK |
|
Definition
| hormone that slows gastrointestinal tract motility because fat needs more time to digest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic compounds necessary for growth and maintenance |
|
|
Term
| Different forms of vitamins that exist in foods |
|
Definition
natural vitamin
vitamin precursor |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin antagonist/antivitamin |
|
Definition
| chemicals that hinder vitamin uptake and utilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nutrient lacking in the diet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nutrient present in diet but unable to utilize it
(vitamin antagonist) |
|
|
Term
| Difference between natural and synthetic vitamins? |
|
Definition
no difference
a chemical is a chemical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 important functions for Vitamin A |
|
Definition
rhodopsin (night vision)
epithelial integrity (moisture) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Night blindness
Xerophthalmia (drying of epithelial linings) |
|
|
Term
| At what concentration is vitamin A toxic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 precursors for vitamin D |
|
Definition
Calciferols
7-dehydrocholesterol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
promotes Ca utilization and uptake
strong bones and teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Juvenile - Rickets
Adult - Osteomalacia
Elderly - Osteoperosis |
|
|
Term
| At what concentration is Vitamin D toxic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
biological antioxidant
blood forming
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hemolytic anemia
antisterility factor in rats
|
|
|
Term
| At what concentration is vitamin E toxic? |
|
Definition
None
easily broken down to tocopheronic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vitamin K precursor
not true precursor- pseudoprecursor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what concentration is vitamin K toxic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water soluble vitamins are _____ in a total enzyme system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Terms in a total enzyme system? |
|
Definition
coenzymes - water soluble vitamins
apoenzyme - protein
cofactor - mineral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
synthesis of collagen - cements cells together
water soluble antioxidant
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
follicular keratosis
bleeding gums
receding gums
teeth fall out
wounds open
|
|
|
Term
| 5 animals that require vitamin C |
|
Definition
humans
anthropoid apes
fruit-eating bats
guinea pigs
red-vented bul bul bird |
|
|
Term
| At what concentrations does the body become saturated with Vitamin C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for large doses of Vitamin C curing the cold and preventing cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
helps convert CHOs to energy
helps nerve cell function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beri Beri="I can't, I can't" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
wet=edema
dry=emaciation, muscle wasting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps convert CHOs and protein to energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B3 deficiency symptoms |
|
Definition
dermatitis - skin rash
diarrhea - malabsorption
dementia - loss of faculties
death |
|
|
Term
| 3 M diet of B3 deficiency in US south |
|
Definition
maize (corn)
meat (salt pork)
molasses |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of B2 deficiency |
|
Definition
magenta tongue
seborrhea=oily secretion from skin
cheliosis=cracked mouth
conjunctivitis=red eyes
lacrimation=teary eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps metabolize protein, fat, CHOs, alcohol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| add more than occurs naturally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| general term for adding nutrients |
|
|
Term
| 5 nutrients described by federal enrichment program |
|
Definition
thiamin
riboflavin
niacin
iron
folate - added recently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pyridoxine
pyridoxal
pyridoxamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
needed for protein interconversion (metabolism)
"heme" (iron) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adults=anemia, dermatitis, convulsions
infants=nerve disorders, GI distress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pantothenic acid function |
|
Definition
release of energy from CHOs
fat metabolism
steroid hormone synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Pantothenate deficiency symptoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pantothenic acid antagonist |
|
Definition
| omega-methyl pantothenate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activates enzymes involved in CO2 metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Biotin deficiency symptoms |
|
Definition
loss of appetite
nausea
vomiting
inflammation of tongue
pallor
depression
hair loss
skin problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involved in red blood cell production |
|
|
Term
| Folic acid deficiency symptoms |
|
Definition
cracked lips/mouth corners
anema
malabsorption
infertility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Orange juice is a good source of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aids in red blood cell development
nerve cells
fat metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
weakness
sore tongue
anemia
psychiatric |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inorganic chemicals necessary in the diet for growth and maintenance |
|
|
Term
| 3 terms to describe minerals |
|
Definition
electrolytes
salts
trace nutrients |
|
|
Term
| General functions of minerals |
|
Definition
building blocks - teeth and bones
soft tissue
compounds essential to the body
body regulations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
osmotic pressure
acid-base balance
membrane function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
excessive sweating
vomiting
urination
|
|
|
Term
| Excessive sodium intake can lead to ________ which causes an increased risk for _________ |
|
Definition
hypertension
atherosclerosis - CHD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bottled sweat:
water
potassium
sodium
glucose
flavors, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
osmotic pressure
acid-base balance
intracellular mineral |
|
|
Term
| Signs of Potassium deficiency |
|
Definition
musclular weakness
intestinal distention
abnormal heatbeat
respiratory failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bones and teeth
muscle contraction
blood clotting
nerve excitability
|
|
|
Term
| Signs of calcium deficiency |
|
Definition
hyperexcitable nerves (tetany)
bleeding
rickets/osteomalacia/osteoporosis
|
|
|
Term
| 4 diseases from excessive calcium |
|
Definition
kidney stones
gall stones
tarter on teeth
plaque formation in arteries |
|
|
Term
| 2 compounds affect Calcium utilization |
|
Definition
vitamin D
oxalic acid/oxalates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bones and teeth
cellular energy as ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a part of the molecule's hemoglobin and myoglobin
carries oxygen via red blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
microcytic anemia (iron deficiency anemia)
characterized by small pale red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| 3 factors that affect iron utilization |
|
Definition
titamin C promotes Fe utilization by converting Fe3+ to Fe2+
Fe2+ (ferrous) form is better utilized
phytic acid/phytates prevent Fe from being utilized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of thyroxine which is found in the thyroid gland
responsible for the entire body's metabolic rate control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
goiter (enlarged thryoid gland)
mental impairment
mental retardation (especially if pregnant while in goiter) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hardens bones (teeth)
prevents tooth decay |
|
|
Term
| Fluoride deficiency signs |
|
Definition
mottled teeth (staining)
tooth decay
organ damage |
|
|
