How to form affirmative (tu) commands:?

To form affirm. tu comm.:

Take the 3rd person singular of the indicative.

EX: Comer=> Come

*There are irregular forms (See flashcard)

To form neg. tu comm.:

Take the 2nd person singular subjunctive form.

EX: No comer=> No comas

Irregular (tu) affirmative commands:

Hacer, Decir, Ir, Poner, Salir, Ser, Tener, Venir

Irreg. tu affirm.:

Hacer=>Haz

Decir=> Di

Ir=> Ve

Poner=> Pon

Salir=> Sal

Ser=> Se'

Tener=> Ten

Venir=> Ven

Ud. affirmative AND negative commands*:?

*same format for BOTH

Ud. affirm. & neg. comm*:

*For BOTH, take the 3rd person singular subjunctive form.

EX: Comer (Ud.)=> Coma (Ud.)

No comer (Ud.)=> No coma (Ud.)

Uds. Affirmative & Negative commands*: ?

*BOTH have same form.

Uds. affirm. & neg. comm*. :

*For BOTH, take the 3rd person plural form of the subjunctive.

EX: Comer (Uds.)=> Coman (Uds.)

No comer (uds.)=> No coman (uds.)

How to form Vosotros affirmative commands: ?

How to form Vos. affirm. comm:

Take the infinitive, drop the -r ending and add a -d ending:

EX: Comer (Vosotros)=> Comed

How to form neg. vost. comm.:

Take the 2nd person plural subjunctive form

EX: No comer (Vosotros)=> No Coma'is

a'= accented vowel a

Position of pronouns for commands: ?

Change that occurs in Vosotros: ?

Change that occurs in Nosotros: ?

Pronouns are positioned attached to affirmative commands and preceding negative commands

Affirmative vosotros commands still attach pronouns to end, but first drop the -d before attaching.

Affirmative nosotros commands still attach pronouns to end, but first drop the final -s IF the pronoun is -nos or -se.

How to form 3rd person indirect commands: ?

i.e. Let (have) them _____.

To form 3rd indirect comm.:

Que+subjunctive tense

EX: Let him come in.=> Que pase e'l.

e'= accented vowel e

EX: Let them not do it again.=> Que no lo vuelvan a hacer.

How to form (nosotros) affirmative & negative commands:?

**There are 2 ways**

How to form nosotros affirm. & neg. comm.:

Way 1: Use 1st person plural subjunctive form:

EX: Comer (nosotros): Comamos

No comer (nosotros): No comamos

Way 2: Vamos a + infinitive for affirmative, but subjunctive for negative:

EX: Comer (nosotros): Vamos a comer

No comer (nosotros): No comamos

Subjunctive formed from yo- form of indicative plus opposite endings:

-AR Tomar: yo=tomo

-e -emos tome tomemos

-es -e'is tomes tome'is

-e -en tome tomen

-ER/-IR Conocer: yo=conozco

-a -amos conozca conozcamos

-as -a'is conozcas conozca'is

-a -an conozca conozcan

e':accented vowel e & a':accented vowel a

Irregulars of the subjunctive tense:?

dar, estar, ir, saber, ser, haber

Stem exceptions:?

morir, dormir

-car,-gar,-zar:?

j & g verbs:?

coger, seguir

subj. tense irregulars:

dar: de',des,de',demos,deis,den

estar: este',este's,este',estemos,este'is,este'n

ir: vaya,...,...,...,vaya'is,...

saber: sepa,...,...,...,sepa'is,...

ser: sea,...,...,...,sea'is,...

haber: haya,...,...,...,haya'is,...

subj. stem exceptions:

morir: muera,mueras,muera,muramos,mura'is,mueran

dormir: duerma,...,...,durmamos,durma'is,...

-car,-gar,-zar=> -que, -gue, -ce in ALL subj. forms

j&g verbs=> coger: coja,... seguir: siga,...

hoy di'a, hoy en di'a

i'=accented i