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Mana test 4
chapter 3
47
Management
Undergraduate 3
11/14/2013

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Term
individual differences
Definition
factors such as skills, abilities, personalities, perceptions, attitudes, values, and ethics differ from one individuals to another.
Term
interactional psychology
Definition
the psychological approach to understanding human behavior that involves knowing something about the person and about the situation
Term
personality
Definition
a relatively stable set of characteristics that influence an individual's behavior
Term
trait theory
Definition
a personality theory that advocates breaking down behavior patterns into a series of observable traits in order to understand human behavior
Term
integrative approach
Definition
the broad theory that describes personality as a composite of an individual's psychological processes
Term
strong situation
Definition
a situation that overwhelms the effects of individual personalities by providing strong cues for appropriate behavior
Term
locus of control
Definition
an individual's generalized belief about internal control (self control) versus external control (control by the situation or by others)
Term
general self-efficacy
Definition
an individual's general belief that he or she is capable of meeting job demands in a wide variety of situations
Term
self-esteem
Definition
an individual's general feelings of self-worth
Term
self-monitoring
Definition
the extent to which people base their behavior on cues from other people and situations
Term
positive affect
Definition
an individual's tendency to accentuate the positive aspects of himself or herself, other people, and the world in general
Term
negative affect
Definition
an individual's tendency to accentuate the negative aspects of himself or herself, other people, and the world in general
Term
projective test
Definition
a personality test that elicits an individual's response to abstract stimuli
Term
behavioral measures
Definition
personality assessments that involve observing an individual's behavior in a controlled situation
Term
self-report questionnaire
Definition
a common personality assessment that involves an individual's responses to a series of questions
Term
Myers -Briggs type indicator (MBTI) instrument
Definition
an instrument developed to measure Carl Jung's theory on individual differences
Term
extraversion
Definition
being energized by interaction with other people
Term
intraversion
Definition
being energized by time alone
Term
sensing
Definition
gathering information through the five senses and focusing on what actually exists
Term
intuition
Definition
gathering information through a "sixth sense" and focusing on what could be
Term
thinking
Definition
making decisions in a logical objective fashion
Term
feeling
Definition
making decisions in a personal, value-oriented fashion
Term
judging
Definition
preferring closure and completion in making decisions
Term
perceiving
Definition
preferring to explore many alternatives with flexibility and spontaneity
Term
social perception
Definition
the process of interpreting information about another person
Term
discounting principle
Definition
the assumption that an individual's behavior is accounted for by the situation
Term
selective perception
Definition
the tendency to select information that supports our individual viewpoints while discounting information that threatens our viewpoints
Term
stereotype
Definition
a generalization about a group of people
Term
first-impression error
Definition
forming lasting opinions about an individual based on initial perceptions
Term
projection
Definition
overestimating the number of people who share our own beliefs, values, and behaviors
Term
self-fulfilling prophecy
Definition
allowing expectations about people to affect our interaction with them in such a way that those expectations are fufilled
Term
impression management
Definition
Term
fundamental attribution error
Definition
the tendency to make attributions to internal causes when focusing on someone else's behavior
Term
self serving bias
Definition
the tendency to attribute one's own successes to internal causes and one's failures to external causes
Term
Behavior
Definition
a function of continuous, multi-directional interaction between the person and the situation
Term
traits
Definition
broad, general guides that lead consistency to behavior
Term
agreeableness
Definition
the person is cooperative, warm, and agreeable
Term
conscientiousness
Definition
the person is hardworking, organized, and dependable
Term
emotional stability
Definition
the person is calm, self-confident, and cool
Term
openness to experience
Definition
the person is creative, curious, and cultured
Term
Core self evaluations
Definition
broad set of personality traits that articulates an individual's concept of him/herself (locus of control, self esteem, self efficacy, emotional stability)
Term
internal locus of control
Definition
i control what happens to me, (higher job satisfaction, performance, more likely to assume managerial positions. Prefer participative management styles. do not like close supervision)
Term
external locus of control
Definition
people and circumstances control my fate
Term
self-efficacy
Definition
beliefs and expectations about one's ability to accomplish a specific task effectively
Term
attribution theory
Definition
explains how individuals pinpoint the causes of their own behavior or that of others
Term
internal attributions
Definition
attributing events to something within the individual's control
Term
external attributions
Definition
attributing events to something outside the individual's control
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