Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

1. High metabolic rates allow mammals to live in a broad range of environments,
2. Higher internal temps = efficient enzymatic reactions
3. Efficient Oxygen transport

1. High metabolic rates require huge amounts of food (fuel) – mammals are major consumers but minor producers of biomass
2. Selective pressure for mammals to be energy-efficient is high

1. Hair (Unique)
2. Mammary Glands (Unique)
3. Dentary Bone (Lowe Jaw Bone)
4. Middle Ear Bone (Malleus, Incus, Stapes)
5. Endothermy
6. Diaphram
7. Four Chambered Heart

The facial musculature of mammals is highly developed due to:

1. The
   evolution of muscles associated with sucking was essential for feeding on
   milk
2. Chewing

1. Insulation
2. Prevent Overheating

What are some things a pelage can have?

1. Aposematic (Warning colors)
2. Crypsis (Camouflage)
3. Communication

Skin glands

1. Mammary Glands (modified sweat or sebaceous glands)
2. Sweat Gland
3. Sebaceous Gland (secrete oily substances to lubricate or waterproof skin/hair)
4. Scent Glands (used for communication)

Define:

1. Homology

2. Synapomorphy

3. Speciation

1. Homology - similarity due to common ancestory
2. Synapomorphy - is a shared derived character
3. Speciation - is a series of splitting (branching) events in which one species gives rise to one or more new species.

True or false

Milk composition can vary among species over time.

True or false

Mammals have an inefficient circulatory system compared to fish and reptiles?

FALSE

The mammal 4 chambered heart that is completely septerated is more efficient than those of fishes or reptiles because:

1. separate pulmonic (lung) and systemic (body) circulation
2. keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate
3. increases O2 content of blood getting to organs, brain, muscles

True or False:

Scent glands play a role in energy efficieny:

False:

Scent glands are used mainly for communication.

True or False:

Reptiles pull air into lungs with diaphram, exhalation is passive.

FALSE:

Reptiles pull/push air into and out of lungs with body wall muscles.

True or False:

Mammals have more complex lungs compared to reptiles.

TRUE:

Mammals possess increased surface areas for Oxygen absorbtion.

A muscular diaphram is useful in mammals because it:

1. Seperates thoracic and abdominal organs

2. Energy efficent way of ventilating lungs (exhalation is passive)

3. Associated with increased Oxygen consumption(due to their higher metabolism)

True or False:

The neopallium of a mammal is energetically expensive.

TRUE:

It may have only been possible with the energy produced by high metabolic rates.

True or False:

Reptile bones grows througthout their life

TRUE:

Reptile bones are covered in growing cartilage.

Part of the skeleton in the midline includes:

• Cranium
• Lower Jaw
• Vertebrate Column
• Sternum
• Ribs
• Hyoid apparatus

Part of the skeleton associated with the appendages includes:

• Pectoral Girdle
• Pelvic Girlde
• Limbs

The vertebrae in mammals are differentiated into:

Atlas/Axis complex

Reptiles:

• C1 and C2 similar
• Head moves between C1 and skull at single occipital condyle

Mammals:

• C1 and C2 are different
• Head moves between the C1 and double occipital condyle and rotates between C1/C2

1. Composed of many bones (dentary, angular, surangular, articular, splenial, and coronoid)
2. Jaw joint between quadrate and articular.

Lower jaw of a mammal is:

1. Composed of a single bone called the dentary.
2. Jaw joint between dentary and squamous called the dentary-squamosal joint.

The middle ear bones of a reptile are:

The middle ear bones of a mammal are:

The middle ear bones of a reptile are:

1. Stapes

The middle ear bones of a mammal are:

1. Malleus - Articular in reptiles
   
2. Incus - Quadrate in reptiles
   
3. Stapes - Stapes in reptiles
   

Reptiles – oral cavity is () of/from the airway

Mammals – oral cavity is () of/from the airway

1. Part
2. Seperated

Reptiles – oral cavity is (part) of/from the airway

Mammals – oral cavity is (seperated) of/from the airway

True or False:

Reptile teeth wear down quickly.

Polyphyodont

Four different kinds of teeth:

1. Incisors - cutting
2. Canines - puncturing
3. Premolars - slice/grind
4. Molars - slice/grind

Class: Mammalia

Subclass: Prototheria

Order: Monotremata

Family: Orinthorhynchidae

Echidna

Class: Mammalia

Order: Monotremata

Family: Tachyglossidae

Synapomorphies of Monotremes

1. Spur on ankles of male
2. Electroreceptors in bill/beak
3. Lack of teeth in adults
4. Two unfused Uterii