Stroke volume equation

SV=EDV-ESV

Stroke volume = end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

End diastolic volume = volume of blood before squeezing begins

End systolic volume = volume of blood at the end of systole

P0: rising phase (sodium channels open)

P1:short drop associated with closing of sodium channels

P2:plateau phase

P3: repolarization

P4: phase between action potentials

working myocardium + conducting system

Nodal cells

capillary blood pressure (ultrafiltration)

plasma colloid osmotic pressure (reabsorption)

tissue fluid hydraulic pressure (reabsorption)

tissue colloid osmotic pressure (ultrafiltration)

another hormone

neural input

peripheral activation

steroids

peptides

amines

-originate from cholesterol

-synthesized on demand, then escape by diffusion

bind to intracellular receptors

-HR complex acts as a transcription factor (response in minutes or hours)

-lipid-soluble

-may have non genomic effects

stored in vesicles until secreted

bind to cell-surface receptors

-derived from tyrosine or tryptophan

-lipid-soluble or water-soluble

-oids travel using carrier proteins since they are not water soluble

-increases number of red blood cells

-made by the kidney

-produced when oxygen levels are low

-goes to bone marrow and induces production of hemoglobin and rbc

GHIH

growth hormone inhibiting hormone

"calcium, report to the plasma"

-negative feeback loop

-causes calcium to move out of bone and intestines into the plasma

causes renal reabsorption of calcium back into the blood

"tone down that calcium"

reduces plasma calcium levels

Vitamin D

"bring the calcium in"

produces a protein in the intestines that is helpful in transporting protein from intestines to blood

parathyroid hormone works on the intestines by increasing this

peripherally activated (produced by skin and modified by liver and kidneys)

posterior pituitary

vasopressin and oxytocin (actions on smooth muscle)

triggered by neural input

anterior pituitary

triggered by RH and IH from hypothalamus via hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system