phylogenetically:

amniota-mammalia;

1.Afrotheria

2.Xenarthra

3.Euarchontaglires

4.Laurasiatheria

Morphologically: Hairy-lactating-endotherm

Classification of wildlife:

Game

Classification of wildlife:

Farm Species

Classification of wildlife:

forest and range species

Classification of wildlife:

wilderness species

Classification of wildlife:

migratory species

Classification of wildlife:

furbearers

Classification of wildlife:

predators

Classification of wildlife:

rare, endangered and threatened

native species threatened with extinction due to

-habitat loss

-over exploition

-disease

-predation

-other factors

Classification of wildlife:

urban wildlife

Classification of wildlife:

park wildlife

-earth 4-8 billion yrs old

-human lineage 2-6 million yrs old

-damage in short time

+technological advances (hunting, fire, agriculture, mechanization)

+rate of growth (exponential, given trend managment necessary)

europe and asia-

                                Marco polo remarked on kubalai khans scheme in 1200’s

                                                -harvest restrictions, food plots, winter feed, cover control

                                Europeans began regulating “sport of kings” by customs in 1300’s

                                                -closed seasons, type of weapons, target species, locality

                                -Martin Luther & peasant revolts in Germany 1500’s (foresters & peasants)

                -North America

                                Major periods of impact

                                Prewestern settlements <1500 AD

                                The Spanish                         1500’s

                                Other Europeans                1500-1600

                                Russians                                1700’s

                                Colonists                               1700’s

                                                (fur trade and market hunting)

Determinant of biomes:

Solar radiation

varies with latitude

-angle of incident changes

-must travel threw more atmosphere

- tilt and rotation of earth = seasonality

-air and ground beneath are heated at diff rates w latitude

Differential heat has several important implications:

A. air near the equator is heated quickly=

cool phenomena= convection cells form, duldrums and hores latitudes

B. rotation of the earth changes patterns by adding E-W component=

the equator 25,00 miles/day or 1,000 mph

The north pole about 0 miles/per day 0 mph

North moves faster relative to slow earth

Souther is moving slow relative to fast earth

North is moving fast relative to slow earth

South is moving slow relative to fast earth

What happens with compression?

Hows does the temperature change?

compression= more movment=heating

expansion=less movement=cooling

rate at which air in a closed system cools

dry air: 10C/km of altitude

wet air: 6C/km of alitiude

cooling is similar between altitude and latitude

alitute: cools 3F/1000ft

latitude: cools 3F/100 miles

a. bodies of water mediate temperature changes

-water has a high specific heat than air and changes temperature more slowly than air

b. Topography: rain shadow effect

-adiabatic cooling and heating

-hunting restrictions

-predator control

-land preservation

-artificial replenishment

-envirnmnetal/habitat control

differential reporduction of individuals that differ by > 1 genetic traits

-stabilizing selection

-directional selection

-disruptive selection

who is the grandfather of wildlife managment?

what three things did he recognize?

Theordore Roosevelt

1. ecosystem concept

2. conservation through wise use

3. Science as the basis of conservation

1891-

presidential power to conserve resources

1894-

conservation of unique natural resources

1896-

Supreme court wildlife protperty of the state

1900-

ends market hunting, no interstate/international commerce

US. forest Service established

Gifford Pinchot 1st chief

1926-

no interstate movement

1933

"father of wildlife mangment" publishes game mangament

1937-

wild life society formed

also federal aid in wildife restoration act  (pittman robertson act) 11% excise tax on sporting goods to be put towards wildlife restoration

1956-

comprehensice wildlife policy and the us fish and wildlife services

1966 (1973)

1969-

Requires consultation between agencies

1972-

International wildlife conservation major agreements:

-1973 convention on international trade in endangered species (CITES)

-1979 convention the conservation of migratory species of wild animals (BONN)

-1992 Convention on biological diversity (RIO)

(us not signatory)

biggest healthiest animals hunted- trophy hunting

-concerns are economic, over population, reduction in fitness

Energy Budget of mammal:

Total heat production

Maintenance energy:

a. basal metabolism

b. voluntary movment

c. product formation

d. digestion and absorption

e. thermal regulation

Energy budget for mammals:

recovered energy

production energy:

a. tissue

b. lactation

c. ovum

d. conseptus

e. wool, hair , feathers

Energy budget for mammals:

3 kinds of energy

Digestine energy

metabolized energy

recovered energy

-habitat use and selection

-space requirements

-social organization

-population processes

-key habitat features

-impacts of intrdouced species

-connectivity

-impacts of land use

distance: variable

predictability: none

distance: close

predictability: high underdispersed

distance: far

predictability: low overdispersed

nomadic

homerange

homerange w core

territorial

-teritory size

-increase cost due to high density

(benifit lowers cost gets higher)

-minnimum convex polygon

-kernel methods

single aberts can impact many red squirrel,

large home range and similar home range

most energetically expensive times are:

-territory maintenance

-mate acquisition

-molting

mammal size, the smaller the more mass specific metabolic rate.

Mouse is 1.5

Elephant is .2

but big mammals need more energy, the bigger the body mass the mor metabolic rate

rapid response

fat weight loss

protein weight loss

1. mesentary of gut

2. kidney and heart

3. Marrow of long bone

4. rump

(used up in same order)

kfi= mass of fat/mass of kidney