Term
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Definition
| reduces # of of chromosomes from 46 -->23 |
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Term
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Definition
Reduces number of chromatids from 2 --> 1 |
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Term
| What decides the sex of the baby |
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Definition
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Term
How does sperm continue to replenish
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Definition
| One sperm drops out of development and reverts back to spermatogonium. Some point during mitosis and differentiation one turns out of development into primitive. |
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Term
| What are the components of sperm? |
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Definition
| Head, midpiece, flagellum |
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Term
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Definition
| Where mitochondria provide energy to swim |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Lysosome like structure dissolve membrane around egg so sperm can get inside
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Term
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Definition
Aided by contraction seminal fluid with prostaglandin aid contraction
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Term
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Definition
| Lysosome like structure that covers nucleus; enzymes dissolve egg membrane to allow sperm to enter |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Essential for motility/ swimming… sperm swim through female productive tract to get egg
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Term
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Definition
| Secreted by hypothalamus triggers GnRH production in hypothalamus pituitary portal vessels which trigger anterior pituitary to secrete FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) |
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Term
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Definition
Gionadotropin releasing hormone
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Term
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Definition
Follicle stimulating hormone from pituitary triggers by inhibin andGnRH. In Sertoli cells
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Term
| What is associated with Sertoli cells |
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Definition
| FSH causes production of inhibin, ABP (androgen binding protein) keeps local testosterone levels high, and estrogen, stimulates sp[ermatogenesis |
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Term
| What is associated with Leydig cells |
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Definition
LH from pituitary causes secretion of testosterone which effects Sertoli cells and secretion of LH by pituitary gland and GnRH from hypothalamus
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Term
Every pulse of GnRH causes what
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Definition
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Term
| How often is gnRH and LH secreted |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Regulates FSH at pituitary levels
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Term
| Testosterone can act directly on some cells or can |
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Definition
Be transformed brain--> estrogen
Prostate--> DHP
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Term
Estrogen and what word are used interchangingly in gonads?
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Definition
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Term
Cholesterol produces what
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Definition
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Term
| Andostenedione from cholesterol when passing through aromatase makes what |
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Definition
Estone--> estradiol (estrogen)
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Term
Andostenedione can make what
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Definition
Testosterone either secreted by testes or combined with aromatase to make estradiol |
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Term
What enzyme converts androgens--> estrogens
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
LH acts on cell outside of seminiferous tubules (leydig cells) to make testosterone
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Term
Testosterone is made by what two types of cells
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Definition
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Term
Estrogen is made by what two type of cells
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Definition
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Term
LH stimulates testosterone production by
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Definition
Leydig cells (male) and theca cells (female)
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Term
Testosterone crosses basement membrane and is converted to estradiol by
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Definition
Sertoli cells and granulose cells (female) under the influence of FSH
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Term
What cells are not good to convert androgen--> estrogen
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Definition
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Term
What cells have the most aromatase?
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Guanylate cyclase does what
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| phosphodiesterase (PDE) just like cAMP |
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Term
| describe the pathway which causes an erection |
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Definition
either descending CNS pathways triggered by thoughts, emotions, sensory outputs such as sense or sight or smell OR input from penis mechanoreceptorsà neurons to penis (activity of neurons that release nitric oxide INCREASE) (DECREASE activity of sympathetic neurons)à penis (dilation of arteriesàerectionà compression of veins)
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Term
| what is the primary cause for an erection |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
does not go through normal puberty, taller, no sex drive, voice not deepened, no hair male pattern
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Term
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Definition
decrease in sex drive/libido; decrease in aggressive behavior
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Term
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Definition
testes not dropping during fetal development remain in abdominal à infertility testes cancer
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Term
| hypogonadotropic hypogonadism |
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Definition
pituitary issue: under or less… decreased LH/FSH leads DECREASED testosterone
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Term
| hypergonadotropic hypogonadism |
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Definition
| (TESTES PROBLEM) increased LH/FSH results from decreased testosterone |
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Term
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) |
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Definition
Noncancerous growth of prostate (usually) in older men; DHT makes prostate big in old men
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Term
| What is the cause of benign prostatic hyperplasia |
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Definition
| Testosterone from testes (leydig cells) converted to DHT in prostate; prostate enlarged and uretha cant let liquid pass through. |
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Term
What chemical makes BNP and prostate large?
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Definition
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Term
What are symptoms of BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) |
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Definition
Increased urination difficulty, difficulty starting and stopping stream, increased urination
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Term
How do you treat BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia)
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Definition
| Inhibit conversion of Testosterone to DHT |
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Term
What is an example of an issue with gonad
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Definition
| Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism |
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