Term
| Where are the testes located in most mammals? |
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Definition
- outside the abdominal cavity,
- inguinal (groin) region
- within the scrotum |
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Term
| Why would testes be found either inside or outside the body cavity? |
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Definition
Depends on temperature needs; inside if needed to be warmer; outside if needed to be cooler
- for production of viable sperm |
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Term
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Definition
Cutaneous sac outside body cavity
- holds testes in mammals
- helps regulate temp |
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Term
| True or False: Scrotal circumference has little or no importance for beef cattle |
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Definition
False, it is important
- predicts fertility |
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Term
| In mammalian males, testes must pass through which opening to be found outside the body cavity? What is called in avian species? |
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Definition
| The inguinal canal; does not occur in avian species |
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Term
| What helps pull the testes out of the body cavity? |
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Definition
| A connective tissue called gubernaculum |
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Term
| When do testes get pulled to the outside of the body cavity in male? |
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Definition
| Process occurs before birth or shortly after |
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Term
| What are the two functions of the gubernaculum? |
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Definition
1) pull testes through inguinal wall
2) attach testes to the inside of the scrotum |
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Term
| What is the outcome of the testes having NOT "dropped" to the outside of the body cavity? |
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Definition
There are economical effects, as the animal becomes sterile (sperm are too warm)
- plus, testes can still produce testosterone and compounds responsible for beef taint, uh-oh |
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Term
| True or False: Animals with undescended testes have no value in breeding |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the cremaster muscle? |
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Definition
Passes through inguinal ring; attaches to scrotum
- adjusts position of testes relative to the body |
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Term
| How does the cremaster muscle perform, different, based on temperature? |
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Definition
Warmer: relaxes; allows testes to hang down and cool; ensures sperm viability
Cooler: pulls testes up against body wall; keeps them warm |
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Term
| The production of spermatozoa (short form: sperm) is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does spermatogenesis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the roles of the testes? |
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Definition
1) Spermatogenesis
2) Testosterone production |
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Term
| In which cells does testosterone production take place? Where are these located? |
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Definition
| Institial cells, located b/w seminiferous tubules |
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Term
| What are the functions of testosterone (also called androgens) on the body? |
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Definition
- male secondary sex characteristics
- libido (LIH-bih-do lmfao)
- anabolic effect (enhanced muscle+bone development |
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Term
Regarding testosterone-based implants, which of the following traits are good or bad (both)?
a) increased carcass weight and marbling
b) increased speed of bone development (converting cartilage into bone)
c) increased gains and feed conversion
d) decreased in fat deposition |
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Definition
a) good
b) bad
c) good
d) good and bad (b/c lower subcutaneous fat is good, but lower marbling is bad) |
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Term
| What is the function of the spermatic cord? |
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Definition
- Suspends each testis in the scrotum
- links testes with the rest of the body
- (includes blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and vas deferens |
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Term
| True or false: Sperm must mature before fertilizing an egg |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the seminiferous tubules attached to at both ends? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the tunica albuginea, and of what is it composed? |
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Definition
Protects and supports soft contents of the testis
- fibrous capsule of connective tissue (surround seminiferous tubules) |
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Term
| What is the function of the rete testis, and of what is it composed? |
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Definition
Collects immature sperm from seminiferous tubules
- |
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Term
| True or False: Sperm travel though a number of efferent ducts to the epidydimis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- composed of a long, convoluted tube
- connects efferent ducts of the testis with the vas deferens
- 3 sections: head, body, and tail
- located in sperm |
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Term
| Where in the epidydmis do sperm mature? |
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Definition
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Term
| Spermatozoa are mature once they reach the ____, and are stored in the ______prior to ejaculation. |
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Definition
Tail of the epidydimis;
tail of the epidydimis |
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Term
| Spermatozoa must be transported from the _____ to the _____ for ejaculation. |
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Definition
Scrotum/tail of epidydimis;
urethra |
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Term
| The vas deferens joins which two structures? |
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Definition
| the tail of the epidydimis, and connects to the urethra |
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Term
| This structure is a muscular tube that propels sperm via peristalsis from the epidydimis to the urethra during ejaculation |
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Definition
| The vas deferens or ductus deferens (via smooth muscle contractions) |
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Term
| The location where the vas deferens enlarges before joining the urethra is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the journey or sperm |
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Definition
1) produced in seminiferous tubules
2) rete testis
3) efferent ducts
4) epidydimis
5) vas deferens
6) urethra |
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Term
| What are two accessory reproductive organs covered in class, and what do they do? |
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Definition
1) Seminal Vesicles
- enters urethra in same area as vas deferens
- contributes fluid to semen
2) Prostate gland
- surrounds urethra
- contributes fluid to semen |
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Term
| What are the functions of the urethra? |
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Definition
1) carry urine mostly
2) pump semen (urine blocked during this) |
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Term
| True or False: Semen is, for the most part, made of sperm |
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Definition
| False, sperm contribute only a small amount to semen |
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Term
| True or False: Seminal fluid is alkaline, and contains electrolytes, fructose, and prostaglandins |
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Definition
True; combats acidity in Female reprod. tract
- fructose to serve as energy source
- prostaglandins to stimulate female reprod. system to help move sperm up to the oviduct |
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Term
| Of what is the penis composed? |
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Definition
Muscle, erectile tissue, and connective tissue
- urethra running down the centre |
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Term
| What are the three parts of the penis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the roots of the penis |
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Definition
Attaches penis to brim of pelvis
- incl. 2 bands of connective tissue, covered by ischiocavernosus muscles (connected to ischium) |
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Term
| True or False: Bull beef is known to have better quality than steer beef |
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Definition
| False, steer beef is better |
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Term
| Explain the involvement of the ischiocavernosus muscles during slaughter |
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Definition
- trimmed during dressing of the carcass
- called the pizzle eye when trimmed, and can be used to ID bull or steer |
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Term
| True or False: The pizzle eye (or jump/erector muscle) is poorly developed if the carcass is a steer |
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Definition
| True; Large and dark if bull |
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Term
| True or False: In an erect penis, blood in-flow equals out-flow |
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Definition
False; inflow exceeds outflow
(true in non-erect penis) |
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Term
| The _____ is made up of a network of fibrous connective tissue and blood-filled spaces/sinuses |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during the erection of a penis? |
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Definition
- sinuses engorge with blood and try to enlarge
- extent is ltd b/c of CT (causes just enough hydrostatic pressure for erection) |
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Term
| Which end of the penis is described as the free end that has rich supply of sensory nerve endings? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: horses and cows have the same size glans |
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Definition
| False, that of a horse is much bigger, with more erectile tissue |
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Term
| Explain the shape of penises in rams, bulls, and boars |
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Definition
- bent into S shape (Sigmoid Flexure)
- penis does not enlarge during erection
- penis straightens out (extends) during erection
- ischiocavernosus muscles act to compress outflow veins, reducing outflow (like a tourniquet)
- simultaneously, arterial blood volume expands vascular tissue
- arteries dilate increasing blood flow to penis (stim'd by nervous system) |
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Term
| This helps to straighten the the sigmoid flexure during erection, and pull penis back into an S shape |
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Definition
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Term
| The bulbourethral Glands, or Cowpers glands, are the source of ______ in what animal? |
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Definition
| Male pheromone (hormone passed from animal to animal) in boars |
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Term
| The _____ (name of pheromone) released from a boar's _____ (name of gland) are used to do what? |
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Definition
Androstenone;
Bulbourethral gland;
attract sows to mate |
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Term
| This gland secretes a fluid that lubricates the urethra before ejaculation |
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Definition
| Cowper's Gland, aka Bulbourethral Gland |
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Term
| When testes don't pass thru the inguinal canal, they are called _____ |
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Definition
| Cryptorchids (Ridgelings in pigs) |
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Term
| True or False: To be considered a cryptorchid, both testicles must be withheld in the body cavity |
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Definition
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Term
| A ridgeling is infertile, though may still produce_____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why might castration of boars be banned or looked down upon, even with an abundance of boar taint? |
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Definition
Castration might not be considered animal welfare friendly
- boar taint is the norm in some parts of the world |
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Term
| What can be done to avoid stress of castration in boars, AND avoid board taint? |
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Definition
Use immunocastration (e.g. Improvac)
- (now approved in US and CAN) |
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