Term
| Each testis is divided into ~250 lobules by ______. Each lobule contains 1-4 _____ which become ____ at the apex of the lobule. |
|
Definition
testicular septa
seminiferous tubules
tubuli recti |
|
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Term
| Seminiferous tubules are composed of an epithelium of supportive cells (_____ cells) and _____ cells. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules are _____ and extend from the ____ to the ____. |
|
Definition
columnar
basal lamina
lumen |
|
|
Term
| Sertoli cells are a type of _______ cell -> means that they function primarily as structural support. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ create blood-testis barrier with tight junctions and prevents immune system response to sperm antigens. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Sertoli cells have a ____ nucleus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sertoli Cells release late _____ and _____ cytoplasm after their release. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because its main function is to nurture the developing sperm cells through the stages of spermatogenesis, the Sertoli cell has also been called the _____ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Sertoli cells also secrete some, ________, nutrients for sperm (_____), and some fluid for ______. |
|
Definition
proteases
ketone bodies
sperm transport |
|
|
Term
| Sertoli Cells respond to _____ and ______ and phagocytize the shed excess _____ cytoplasm. |
|
Definition
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
testosterone
spermatid |
|
|
Term
| Sertoli cells secrete ____ and ____ which inhibits the production of _____ by the pituitary gland. |
|
Definition
androgen-binding protein
inhibin
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
|
Term
| In addition to inhibiting follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), The inhibins (A and B) also play a role in ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ undergo development in the form of 5 different cells. |
|
Definition
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Term
| Spermatogonia lie near the ____ of the seminiferous tubule. These cells are ____ (46 chromosomes [23 pair of chromosomes] and __ DNA). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meiosis occurs only in ____ within the seminiferous tubules in the male. This division produces _____(23 chromosomes and __ DNA). This process takes ___-___ days in humans. |
|
Definition
germ cells
haploid spermatozoa
1N
64-72 |
|
|
Term
| Spermatogonia are either __ or __ types. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ - mitotically active stem cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ spermatogonia give rise to spermatocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spermatogonia are ____ stem cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By ____, some spermatogonia remain as viable stem cells through out life. Other spermatogonia undergo developmental changes to become ______ and undergo ____. |
|
Definition
mitosis
primary spermatocytes
meiosis |
|
|
Term
| Primary spermatocytes are ____ cells and are the ____ of the ____. |
|
Definition
diploid
largest
germ cells |
|
|
Term
| Primary spermatocytes undergo _____ to become _____ (___loid, __ DNA). |
|
Definition
meiosis I
secondary spermatocytes
haploid
2N |
|
|
Term
| Secondary spermatocytes undergo ____ to become _____ (___loid, __ DNA). |
|
Definition
meiosis II
immature spermatids
haploid
1N |
|
|
Term
| Spermatids arise from division of _____, thus have ___ chromosomes and ___ DNA. |
|
Definition
secondary spermatocytes
23
1N |
|
|
Term
| Spermatids are not ____, but mature into _____ in the _____ during spermatogenesis. |
|
Definition
mitotic
spermatozoa
epididymis |
|
|
Term
| Spermatids mature morphologically into ____ to form ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spermatids do not separate their cytoplasm from each other completely as they maintain ____ until released into the tubule lumen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maturation of spermatids requires 10-14 days for ____ to and 3-4 days for _____ within the ____. |
|
Definition
migration
maturation
epididymis |
|
|
Term
| Older sperm cells are removed gradually by ____ within the ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ million spermatozoa mature each day. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spermatozoa will survive about ___ hours following ejaculation in the female reproductive tract. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the head of the Spermatozoa consists of ___ and ____ -> enzymes that penetrate the ____ of an ova |
|
Definition
nuclear material
acrosome
zona pellucida |
|
|
Term
| the midpiece of a Spermatozoa is the site of ___ production to power the ___. It contains _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the tail of the spermatozoa is the _____ -> functions to propel itself through the female reproductive tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___% of sperm cells being abnormal is considered “normal”. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Many sperm cells are either morphologically, physiologically, or genetically ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tissue that encloses the seminiferous tubules contains ____ and _____ which are smooth muscle cells. |
|
Definition
connective tissue
myoid cells |
|
|
Term
| Interstitial cells of Leydig are found adjacent to and between ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Interstitial cells of Leydig secrete _____ in the presence of _____. They have abdundant ____. |
|
Definition
testosterone
luteinizing hormone (LH)
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) |
|
|
Term
| In males, where LH had also been called _______ -> it stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone |
|
Definition
| interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) |
|
|
Term
| Each seminiferous tubule becomes a ___ at its apex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At the junction of the tubuli recti with the seminiferous tubule only ______ are seen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tubuli recti enter channels called ____ in the ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THe Rete Testis are lined by ____ or _____ epithelium |
|
Definition
| simple cuboidal or columnar |
|
|
Term
| ____ arise from the rete testis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Efferent ductules have an ____ luminal surface lined by ____ epithelium. The taller cells have ____ that propel spermatozoa to the epididymis. |
|
Definition
irregular
simple columnar
cilia |
|
|
Term
| The epididymis is a ___ structure that has a luminal surface lined by a ____ epithelium. |
|
Definition
coiled
pseudostratified columnar |
|
|
Term
| The tall _____ cells of the epididymis epithelium have ____ that project into the lumen and the smaller ____ cells are mitotically active ____ cells. |
|
Definition
principal
stereocilia
basal
stem |
|
|
Term
| _______: This is the site of sperm maturation and storage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The epididymis terminates as a muscular tube -> the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lumen of the ductus (vas) deferens is lined by _____ epithelium with _____. |
|
Definition
pseudostratified columnar
stereocilia |
|
|
Term
| The muscular coat of the vas deferens consists of ____ layers of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ are coiled tubular structures that join the ampulla of the ductus deferens at the _____. |
|
Definition
Seminal vesicles
prostate gland |
|
|
Term
| Glands of seminal vesicles are lined by _____ epithelium. |
|
Definition
| pseudostratified columnar |
|
|
Term
| These exocrine glands of the Seminal Vesicles secrete _____ as an energy source for spermatozoa. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About 60% of the seminal fluid originates form the ____. This fluid is mildly _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The prostate gland lies immediately inferior to the ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This tubuloalveolar gland of the prostate drains into the ______ via excretory ducts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lumen of the prostate gland may contain ______. The number of these bodies _____ with age especially beyond 50 years. They may undergo _____ and may appear in semen. |
|
Definition
eosinophilic corpora amylacea (prostatic concretions)
increases
calcification |
|
|
Term
Secretions of the prostate include:
proteolytic enzymes
citric acid
fibrinolysin that liquefies the semen
lipids
acid phosphatase
These are regulated by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The secretion of the ____ is the first fraction of the ejaculate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland. It is present in small quantities in the serum of men with healthy prostates, but is often elevated in the presence of prostate cancer Its levels should be < ___. Anything greater signifies a problem |
|
Definition
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
5 |
|
|
Term
| The alveoli of the prostate gland are lined by a ____ or ____ epithelium. |
|
Definition
| simple cuboidal or columnar |
|
|
Term
| The _____ carries semen through the prostate to the prostatic urethra. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ are found within the sphincter urethrae muscle and are about the size of a pea. |
|
Definition
| Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands |
|
|
Term
| The bulburethral gland is a tubuloalveolar gland that secretes ____ and ____ via a 2-5 cm long duct into the bulbous portion of the ____ urethra. |
|
Definition
galactose
sialic acid
spongy |
|
|
Term
The penis consists of two corpora cavernosa and a corpus spongiosum which are enclosed by the _____.
____ encloses these three tubular structures and this fascia is covered by ____. |
|
Definition
tunica albuginea
Buck’s fascia
thin skin |
|
|
Term
| The erectile tissue of the penis consists of ____ within each corpora cavernosa. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ arteries are found in the corpora caversnosa and are involved in the process of ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The male urethra consists of _____ regions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The prostatic urethra is lined by ______ epithelium and receives the ejaculatory ducts that drain the ____ and _____. |
|
Definition
transitional
vas deferens
seminal vesicles |
|
|
Term
| The membranous urethra extends from the _____ to the bulb of the _____. The epithelium is ____ or _____ columnar. |
|
Definition
prostatic urethra
corpus spongiosum
simple columnar or pseudostratified |
|
|
Term
| The spongy urethra consists of a ____ & ___ portion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ drain into the penile portion of the spongy urethra. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is the collection of fluid with the tunica vaginalis, spermatic cord, or scrotum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is the condition in which the testis does not descend into the scrotum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ of the prostate arises from hypertrophy of stroma and glands, which restricts urine flow through the prostatic urethra. |
|
Definition
| Benign nodular hyperplasia |
|
|
Term
| _____ is the most common cancer in males. Serum markers for this cancer include prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase. |
|
Definition
|
|
