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First to describe laryngeal ventricles
• Discussed anatomy of vocalization
• “Voice and speech are not the same thing. Voice is produced by the vocal organs, while speech is produced of the conversational organs.”Born in pergamon, which had fallen to the romans three years before his birth. Studied medicine at school of Asklepion, then went on to study anatomy in Alexandria. Idolized Hippocrates. Performed dissections and vivisections. |
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| City where Galen was born. Fell to the Romans three years before his birth. Was a greek city before it was conquered. Romans brought gladatorial games to Pergamon and it is because of this that Galen became a surgeon. |
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| re-birth ceremony from Rome connected with the cult of cybele. The man who wished to be spiritually reborn (usually a senator) descended a few steps into a pit covered with stout planks, loosely joined and pierced by holes. Above him, a priest sacrificed a bull and the blood trickled down into the pit, to the sound of flutes, and the man soaked up as much of it as he could. He then walked out of pit, reborn. |
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Glossocomion
machine worked by a crank, vertical ropes, and pulleys, used in galen's day for reducing fractures of the femur and tibia. Used this machine to rationalize why the laryngeal nerves must come down into the chest and curve around a large artery, then return upward to the larynx. |
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| The recurrent laryngeal, which Galen claims to have discovered; however, Indian physicians had already seen the effects of damage to that area and labeled it as one of their marmas. They also noticed loss of taste in addition to voice in coordination with damage to the marma, which Galen never knew. |
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| "disturbed function"-the fifth sign of inflammation. An inflamed part does not work as well as it should. For years its discovery or beginning was attributed to Galen but THIS IS FALSE. Was in fact first mentioned by Rudolf Virchow in Cellularpathologie, "Cellular pathology," a collection of lectures published 1858 and is accepted as the cornerstone of modern physiology. Within a few years its teachings became common knowledge and no one bothered to cite him for his discovery of the fifth sign, leading later scholars to attribute it to Galen. |
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| A book on theriac written by Galen. He accepted the addition of viper flesh to the theriac concoction as perfectly sound because it was perfectly logical that an antidote, theriake, should contain the therion, the beast itself. |
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| An "antidote" based off the original Mithridatium made famous by its name and fame. Nero's physician, Andromachus added to the complexity of the mixture by bringing the number of compounds to sixty-four and enriched it with chunks of viper flesh, and multiplied the opium content by 5. Its new name was galene meaning tranquility. Became a common drug for everything from Black Death to nothing at all (preventative). Went into plasters. Survived in medical practice all the way to 1800s. |
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| tough patriarch of constantinople who was excommunicated for heresay. He maintained that the divine and human persons were not entirely merged in the person of Christ, and that Mary should not be called Theotokos, "mother of god." He was exiled and likely died in Egypt. His followers, Nestorians fled and found refuge eventually (after first trying Mesopotamia) in Jundi Shapur. It was here that many ancient greek books were translated into syriac and then arabic. Nestorian experience explains why some of our Greek literature has come down to us from a Latin version from an arabic text that was translated from syriac. |
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| How does Galenic humoral theory compare to the Hippocratic scheme of the four humors? How does it compare to the Chinese fivefold scheme? |
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| Galen's notion of four humors was largely hippocratic. He believed in yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm as the four humors but he built on this by adding some correlations. bold, exuberant, noon, TERTIAN FEVER, and fire went with yellow bile. stubborn, insolent, afternoon, QUARTAN FEVER, black and shap (sour) with black bile. serene, unruffled, morning, CONTINUOUS FEVER, red and sweet, air with blood. idle, foolish, evening, QUOTIDIAN FEVER, white and salty, water with phlegm. His theory was further built on in the middle ages to be based on a scheme of four highly reminiscent of the chinese fivefold scheme. (the new headings-choleric, melancholic, sanguine, phlegmatic) |
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| How does Galen draw on Aristotle for his medical theories? How does Galen conceive of the body differently from Aristotle? |
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| Galen's emphasis on a "Divine Creator of Man" makes him a particularly popular source in the later monotheistic west. Describe his experiments on speech and voice. How do these experiments lead him to a religious idea? |
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He performed vivisection on pigs and dogs (and other animals) and cut the nerves of the neck one by one until suddenly the animal stopped screaming. He had found the laryngeal nerve. He also found that nerve travels from the brain, decended into the chest, curled around an artery, and then returned upward to the larynx. He believed that all parts of the body were a "hymn of glory to the Divine Creator of Man" (God placed everything with a purpose in mind) and, therefore, justified this seemingly pointless positioning of the nerve. He believed that the nerve had to run vertically and pull down, using the artery as a pulley to wrap around similar to the glossocomion. This is completely false. He realized, however, that “voice and speech are not the same thing. Voice is
produced by the vocal organs, while speech is
produced of the conversational organs.” |
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