Structures formed by

CARBON to CARBON bonding

Straight Chains

Branched Chains

Cyclical Structures

Single bond

Bonds:  ______

Pairs of electrons:  _____

Number of electrons:  _____

1

1

2

Double bond

Bonds:  ______

Pairs of electrons:  _____

Number of electrons:  _____

2

2

4

Triple bond

Bonds:  ______

Pairs of electrons:  _____

Number of electrons:  _____

3

3

6

• Clusters of atoms

•  Influence properties of molecules to which they are attached

•  Give molecules special properties

-OH

Name

Property Conveyed

Example

Hydroxyl

Makes molecule polar

Alcohols e.g. CH3(CH2)4CH-OH Hexanol

CH3CH-OH Ethanol

-COOH

Name

Property Conveyed

Example

Carboxyl

Makes molecule acidic (also polar)

Carboxylic acids  e.g. CH3-COOH Acetic acid (vinegar)

-NH2

Name

Property Conveyed

Example

Amino

Makes molecule basic, ability to link with other molecules

Amino acids

-H2PO4

Name

Property Conveyed

Example

Phosphate (in nucleic acids)

Allows formation of chains of nucleic acids

Nucleic acids

Macro = Large

Large molecules

E.g.  Peptides, Fatty acids, Carbohydrates

•  Dehydration synthesis

• Monomers to Polymers

• H20 Byproduct

• Polymers to Monomers

• H20 Is Used

ATP Molecule

Energy is in PHOSPHATE Bonds 

•  Carbohydrates

•  Lipids

•  Proteins

•  Nucleic Acids

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Monosaccharides

Disacchardes

Polysaccharides

Glucose - Plants - Energy

Galactose - Milk - Energy

Fructose - Fruits

Different configurations

All C₆H₁₂O₆

C₆H₁₂O₆

Glucose

Galactose

Fructose

[image]

From condensation of two monosaccharides

[image]

Type of Reaction

Monomer Type

Product Type

Condensation

Monosaccharide

Disaccharide

Starch

Monomer

Source

Function

Glucose

Plants

Energy Storage

Cellulose

Monomer

Source

Function

Glucose

Plants

Cell Wall / Structural

Glycogen

Monomer

Source

Function

Glucose

Animals

Energy Storage

Sucrose / Table Sugar

Monomers

Function

Glucose + Fructose

Transport and storage of glucose in plants

Lactose / Milk Sugar

Monomers

Function

Glucose + Galactose

Provides energy for the young in mammals

Maltose / Malt Sugar

Monomers

Function

Glucose + Glucose

Provides energy for the young plants in

germinating seeds

[image]

Type of Molecule

Found In

Number Of Types In Organisms

Amino Acids

Proteins

20

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Proteins

Monomers = ?

Peptides (Amino Acids)

Shape of protein is very important

Determines ??

• Structure

• Hormones

• Enzymes

• Carriers

Mnemonic:  Joey says "General Tso Chicken have plenty of protein... now please pay me with CESH."

Dipeptide

Polypeptide

Two amino acid chain

Multiple amino acid chain

[image]

This is a 

[image]

This is a

Heat

Acidity

Carbon

Oxygen

Hydrogen

(same as carbohydrates)

Lipids

Polar or Non-Polar

Hydrophillic or Hydrophobic

Non-Polar

Hydrophobic

Lipids

Monomer for most lipds

• Long Hydrocarbon Chain

• Carboxylic Acid Group

[image]

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Triglycerides

Phospholipids

Waxes

Dissolves in / Mixes with water

Has polar part of molecule

Does not dissolve in / mix with water

Non-polar molecules

Three Fatty Acid Chains attached to Glycerol

[image]

Glycerol + 2 Fatty Acid Chains + Phosphate Group

[image]

Four fused carbon rings

[image]

Required for cellular function

Part of cell membrane in animals

Precursor for steroids

Long fatty acids joined to a long alcohol chain

[image]

Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogen containing base

[image]

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Phosphate