Term
| Stimulus for Cephalic Phase |
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Definition
| Cognitive: Auditory, olfactory, visual. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pairing auditory stimulus to presentation of food; auditory stimulus alone-salivary secretion. Dog's were given food along with the ring of a bell. When bell is rung later, even with now food, the dogs would salivate. |
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Term
| Purpose of the cephalic phase |
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Definition
| Prime the system for the ingestion of food. |
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Term
| What part of the brainstem is activated by cephalic stimulus? |
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Definition
| The dorsal motor nucleus. |
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Term
| Dorsal motor nucleus causes what effects in the body? |
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Definition
| Salivary secretion, gastric acid secretion, pancreatic juice secretion, gall bladder contraction, and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi. |
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Term
| What nerve connects the dorsal motor nucleus to the abdominal digestive system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What nerve connects the dorsal motor nucleus to the salivary glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three salivary glands? |
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Definition
| Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular. |
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Term
| What type of cell secretes the proteins in a salivary gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells are responsible for secreting fluid, potassium, and bicarbonate in salivary glands? |
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Definition
| Cells lining the salivary duct. |
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Term
| Percentage composition of salivary fluid. |
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Definition
99.5% H2O
0.5% proteins and electrolytes |
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Term
| Composition of salivary proteins, and function of each. |
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Definition
Salivary amylase - breakdown of carbohydrates
Mucin - mix with H2O to lubricate
Lysozyme - antibacterial
Lipase - begin breakdown of lipids |
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Term
| Initial tonicity of salivary fluid (relative to blood) |
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Definition
| Hypotonic due to a lack of sodium |
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Term
| Tonicity of salivary fluid after a high flow rate (relative to blood) |
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Definition
| Isotonic due to a leveling out of sodium |
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Term
| On top of lysozyme what also makes salivary fluid antibacterial? |
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Definition
| High levels of bicarbonate create alkaline conditions which are detrimental to bacteria. |
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Term
| What is found on the basilar membrane of salivary acinar cells? |
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Definition
| Sodium-potassium ATPases, potassium channels, sodium-hydrogen antiports, and a sodium-chloride-potassium cotransport. |
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Term
| What is found on the apical membrane of salivary acinar cells? |
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Definition
| Potassium channels, and chloride-bicarbonate channels. |
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Term
| What allows sodium to follow the flow of bicarbonate through the salivary acinar cells? |
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Definition
| Leaky junctions between adjacent cells permit the movement of sodium. |
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Term
| Receptors exist on the basal side of salivary acinar cells for what two transmitters? |
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Definition
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Term
| Activation of the Ach receptor on the basal membrane of salivary acinar cells causes what affect within the cell? |
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Definition
| An increase in intracellular calcium which will cause activation of the apical channels. |
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Term
| What exists on the apical membrane of the salivary acinar cells to allow movement of water? |
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Definition
| Aquaporin 5 water channels. |
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Term
| What directly stimulates bicarbonate secretion in salivary acinar cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long does it take a salivary gland to product their own weight in fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of reflex is the salivary response to cognitive stimulus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most complex reflex in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can you stop swallowing halfway? |
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Definition
| No. It is an all-or-none reflex. |
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Term
| What is the initial step in the swallowing reflex? |
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Definition
| The tongue is thrust up and back. |
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Term
| What term is used to describe food that has been chewed up? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long does the pharyngeal phase of swallowing last? |
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Definition
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Term
| What protects the pharynx from the bolus as the esophagus moves it downward? |
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Definition
| Closing of the upper esophageal sphincter. |
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Term
| What protects the esophagus from the gastric juices? |
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Definition
| Closing of the lower esophageal sphincter. |
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Term
| What structure stops a bolus from entering the trachea? |
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Definition
| The lowering of the epiglottis blocks the entrance to the trachea. |
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Term
| What moves a bolus from the top to bottom of the esophagus? |
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Definition
| Peristaltic contractions of the esophagus act to move a bolus downward. |
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