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| A republic in ancient Rome that lasted from 500 to 31 B.C., when it was replaced by the Roman Empire |
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| Being in a state of moral decay |
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| Scottish economist (1723-1790) and advocate of of the principles of free trade. |
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| Consisting of a single legislative house |
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| separation of the powers of government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each of which is intended to prevent the others from getting out of control |
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| consisting of two legislative houses |
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| a formal summary of essential rights and liberties |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| the first constitution of the United States; it created a central government with limited powers and was replaced by the Constitution in 1788 |
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| an association of states or nations united for joint action in matters that affect them all |
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| a system of courts of law for the administration of justice |
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| a person who buys or sells land or some other commodity in hopes of making a profit |
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| to pay a specified sum in return for something |
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| a tax on imported or exported goods |
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| Three laws (1784, 1785, 1787) that dealt with the sale of public land in the Northwest Territory and established a plan for the admission of new states to the Union |
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| Treaty signed in 1784 that opened all Iroquois lands to white settlement |
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| New York lawyer and diplomat who negotiated with Great Britain and Spain on behalf of the Confederation; he later became the first chief justice of the Supreme Court |
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| Pirates along the Barbary Coast of North Africa who attacked European and American vessels engaged in Mediterranean trade |
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| uprising by farmers in western Massachusetts who wanted to protest the indifference of the state legislature to the plight of farmers; the rebellion was suppressed by the state militia in 1787 |
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| a person devoted to the interests of a particular nation and favoring a strong central government |
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| a plan for a federal government submitted by the Virginia delegation; it gave states representation in a bicameral legislature in proportion to their population |
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| Virginia planter and political theorist who supported ratification of the Constitution; he later became the forth president |
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| A plan for a federal government giving all states equal representation in unicameral legislature |
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| a plan for federal government that set up a bicameral legislature, with one house providing equal representation to all states and the other providing proportional representation based on population |
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| proportional representation |
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| representation in the legislature based on population; it gives large states more power than small states |
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| an agreement to count three-fifths of a state's slaves to determine a state's representation in the House of representatives |
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| a body of electors chosen by the states to elect the president and vice president; each state gets a number of electors equal to the number of its senators and representatives in Congress |
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| meetings in each state attended by delegates to determine whether that state would support the Constitution |
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| Supporters of ratification of the Constitution; they believed in a strong central government |
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| Opponents of ratification of the Constitution; they feared that a strong central government would be an instrument of tyranny |
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| the belief that certain people deserve favored treatment because of their social, intellectual, or financial status |
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| Essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in defense of the Constitution; they helped establish the basic principles of American government |
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| New York lawyer and political theorist who worked to win ratification of the Constitution; he later became the first U.S. secretary of the treasury |
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| one whose welfare or career is promoted by an influential person |
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| a body of officials appointed by the president to run the executive departments of government and act as his advisors |
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| law establishing the Supreme Court and the lower federal courts; it gave teh Supreme Court the right to review state laws and state court decisions to determine constitutionality |
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| the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, added in 1791 to protect certain rights of American citizens |
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| fundamental individual rights such as freedom of speech and religion, protected by law against interference by government |
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| financial assistance granted by a government in support of an enterprise regarded as being in the public interest |
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| trade between nations without protective tariffs |
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| Federalists (political party) |
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| political group led by Alexander Hamilton that formed during Washington's first administration; they favored commercial growth and a strong central government |
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| political group led by Thomas Jefferson that favored limited government and envisioned the United States as a nation of independent farmers |
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| a group of people with shared opinions and goals who split off from a larger group |
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| relating to government finances |
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| a person who believes the government has only those powers that the Constitution specifically grants to it |
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| a person who believes the government has not only the powers specifically listed in the Constitution but whatever implied powers are in keeping with the spirit of the Constitution |
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| money needed to start a commercial enterprise |
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| political upheaval against the French monarchy and aristocratic privileges, it began in 1789 and ended ten years later; its republican ideals gradually gave way to violence and disorder |
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| radical republican party during the French Revolution |
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| The period from 1793 to 1794 in the French Revolution, during which thousands of people were executed because the revolutionary government considered them to be enemies of the state. |
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| Diplomat whom the French revolutionary government sent to the United States to try to draw it into France's war against Britain and Spain |
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| the policy of not favoring either side in a conflict but treating both sides in the same way |
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| the act of rejecting the validity or authority of something |
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| Democratic-Republican societies |
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| political organizations formed in 1793 and 1794 to demand greater reponsiveness by the state and federal governments to the needs of the people |
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| an uprising by the grain farmers in western Pennsylvania in 1794 over a federal tax on whiskey; Washington led militias from nearby states to quell the rebellion |
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| a government representative who is sent on a special diplomatic mission |
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| treaty between the United States and Britain negotiated in 1794 by John Jay; it addressed issues such as British refusal to evacuate forts in the Northwest and British seizure of American ships |
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| battle in August 1794 in which Kentucky riflemen defeated Indians of several tribes, hastening the end of Indian resistance in the Northwest |
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| Treaty of 1795 under which Northwest Indians were paid about $10,000 to cede land that later became the state of Ohio |
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| Speech that George Washington made at the end of his second term as president; in it he caled for nonpartisan cooperation and warned against entanglements with foreign nations |
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| New York lawyer who became Thomas Jefferson's vice president after the House of Representatives broke a deadlock in the Electoral College |
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| South Carolina politician and diplomat who was an unsuccessful Federalist candidate for president in 1796 |
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| a political leader who acts out of concern for the public good and not out of self-interest |
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| Charles Cotesworth Pinckney |
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| Federalist politician and brother of Thomas Pinckney; he was sent on a diplomatic mission to Paris in 1797 during a period of unfriendly relations between France and the United States |
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| a diplomatic incident in which American envoys to France were told that the United States would have to loan France money and bribe government officials as a condition for negotiation |
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| law passed by Congress in 1798 authorizing the president to order out of the United States any alien regarded as dangerous to the public peace or safety |
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| Law passed by Congress in 1798 outlawing any criticism of the U.S. government that lawing any criticism of the U.S. government into disrepute; the law was enforced mainly against Republicans |
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| conduct or language inciting rebellion against the authority of a state |
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| Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions |
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| Statements issued by the Virginia and Kentucky legislatures in 1798 asserting their right to declare the Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional |
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| limited federal powers and the greatest possible autonomy for the states |
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| a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of a commodity or the use of a service |
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| a proposal or the actions that lead up to a proposal |
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| General who took control of the French government at the end of the revolutionary period and eventually proclaimed himself emperor of France |
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