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The half of the earth that includes North America, Mexico, Central America, and South America
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An expanse of land between present-day Siberia and Alaska, now covered by water; an avenue for migration between Asia and North America in prehistoric times. Present day Bering Strait is on Asian (Russian) side of where this crossing was.
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| In Native American culture, the period when people began to shift away from hunting big game an turn to agriculture and other food sources in local environments. |
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| Having no fixed homeand wandering from place to place in search of food or other resources. |
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| Corn, a tall plant with a solid stem and narrow leaves that bears seeds on large ears; the word maize comes from the Indian word for this plant. |
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Name applied to a number of Native American societies that constructed earthen mounds as monuments and building foundations.
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An early American Indian culture centered in the Ohio River valley; it is known for its burial mounds, tools, and pottery.
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An American Indian culture centered in the southern Mississippi River valley; influenced by Mexican culture, it is known for its pyramid building and its urban centers.
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Collective name for six Indian tribes that lived in present-day New York State whose cultures and languages were closely related.
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A long communal dwelling, usually built of poles and bark, having a central hallway with family apartments on either side.
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| A woman who rules a family, clan, or tribal group. |
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A desert region of the western United States that includes most of the present-day Nevada and parts of Utah, California, Idaho, Wyoming, and Oregon.
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A region of the United States and Canada bounded on the east by the Rocky Mountains, on the west by the Cascade range of mountains, on the north by the subartic plains, and on the south by the Great Basin.
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| Existing in the Americas before the arrival of Columbus |
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Medieval Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian groups, who responded to the land shortages in Scandinavia by taking to the sea and establishing communities in western Europe, Iceland, Greenland, and North America.
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The region of the eastern Mediterranean, including modern Turkey, the Persian Gulf area, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Holy Land.
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Military expeditions undertaken by European Christians in the eleventh through the thirteenth centuries to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims.
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The region in which the events in the Old Testament of the Bible took place; it is sacred to Christians, Jews, and Muslims. (Region including present day Israel, marked Jerusalem on Crusades Map)
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| People who practice the religion of Islam, a monotheistic faith that accepts Mohammed as the chief and last prophet of God. |
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The Muslim rulers of the Iberian Peninsula
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The campaign undertaken by European Christians to recapture the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims.
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| Joint rulers of Spain; their marraige in 1469 created a united Spain from the rival kingdoms of Aragon and Castile. |
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| Prince who founded an observatory and school of navigation, and directed voyages that helped build Portugal's colonial empire. |
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| A large empire in West Africa; its capital was Timbuktu; its rulers accepted Islam in about A.D. 1000 |
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A point of land projecting into the ocean at the southern tip of Africa; European mariners had to sail around the cape to pass from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean.
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Vasco da Gama managed to sail around the Cape of Good Hope, and, in 1498, landed in India. |
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| An instrument that navigators used to measure the height of the sun and stars and calculate their position of latitude |
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Italian explorer in the service of Spain who attempted to reach Asia by sailing west from Europe, thereby discovering America in 1492
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A group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean east of Florida and Cuba
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Italian explorer who led the English expedition that sailed along the North American mainland in 1497
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Italian explorer of the South American coast; America was named after him.
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Frenchman, who in 1534, explored the St. Lawrence River, giving France it's primary claim to territories in the New World
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| An ethnic group from north central Spain that was heavily involved in early North American fishing activities. |
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| Lacking sophistication; artless. |
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| A person who worships idols or false gods. |
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| The exchange of people, plants, and animals among Europe, Africa, and North America that occurred after Columbus's discovery of the New World. |
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| Resistance or partial resistance to a disease; it develops in a population over time, after exposure to harmful bacteria and viruses |
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| An infectious disease usually transmitted through sexual contact; if untreated, it can lead to paralysis and death |
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| Related to malaria, an infectious disease characterized by chills, fever, and sweating; it is often transmitted through mosquito bites |
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| A crop raised in large quantities for sale rather than for local or home consumption |
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A plant that yielded a blue dye used for coloring textiles; in the mid-eighteenth century, it was a staple crop in the Lower South
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| Lacking a system of reading and writing |
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| A pardon issued by the pope absolving the purchaser of a particular sin |
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| According to Calvinism, the people chosen by God for salvation |
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| The religion and religious beliefs of Christians who accept the Bible as the only source of revelation, believe salvation is God's gift to the faithful, and believe the faithful can form a direct, personal relationship with God |
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| The idea that monarchs derive their right to rule directly from God and are accountable only to God |
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A political entity authorized by the Catholic church in 1356 unifying Central Europe under an emperor elected by four princes and three Catholic archbishops.
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| King of England (r. 1509-1547); his desire to divorce his first wife led him to break with Catholicism and establish the Church of England |
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| People who do not accept the doctrines of an established or national church |
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| The ships Christopher Columbus sailed with in 1492 were |
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| the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria |
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