Term
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Definition
ETS uses electron acceptor other than O2 Ex: Nitrate (NO3-) Sulfate (SO42-) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Where do these bugs live?? Swamps, soil sediments, intestinal tracts |
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Term
The Electron Transport Chain of E. coli with high O2 concentrations |
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Definition
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Term
Dissimilative Reduction of Nitrate |
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Definition
Nitrate NO3
Nitrite NO2
Nitric oxide NO
Nitrous oxide N2O
Dinitrogen N2 |
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Term
The Electron Transport Chain of E. coli with NO3- |
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Definition
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Term
The Electron Transport Chain of Pseudomonas stutzeri with NO3- |
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Definition
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Term
| Disimilative sulfate reduction |
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Definition
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Term
The Electron Transport Chain of Sulfate Reducing bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
Methanogenesis from CO2 using H2 as electron donor |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Electrons for ETC obtained from inorganic molecules
Ex: H2, ammonia (NH4+), H2S, CO, Iron
Carbon source may be inorganic (autotrophic) or organic (heterotrophic)
Hydrogen oxidizing bacteria:
H2 2H+ + 2e-
Hydrogenase (Ni and/or Fe)
Alcaligenes
Streptomyces thermoautotrophicus |
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Term
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Definition
Rolstonia eutropha:
2 Hydrogenases (membrane-bound & cytoplasmatic)
slide 27 |
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Term
Chemolithotrophs Nitrifying bacteria: Oxidize ammonia to nitrite or Nitrate (Nitrification). |
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Definition
NH4+ + 1 1/2 O2 NO2- + H2O + 2H+
Nitrosomonas
NO2- + 1/2 O2 NO3-
Nitrobacter |
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Term
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Definition
CO oxidizing bacteria:
CO CO2
Streptomyces thermoautotrophicus
Oligotropha carboxidovorans
Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans |
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Term
Chemolithotrophs Aerob Anaerob |
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Definition
Aerob
Mo in active site of CO-Dehydrogenase
(Molybdopterin)
Streptomyces thermoautotrophicus
Oligotropha carboxidovorans
Anaerob
Ni in active site of CO-Dehydrogenase
Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans |
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Term
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Definition
Energy captured from sunlight
Phototrophic microbes:
Cyanobacteria & Photosynthetic Eukaryotes
Green and Purple Bacteria |
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Term
Photosynthesis in Eukaryotes and Cyanobacteria |
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Definition
Have chlorophyll and other pigments
Use 2 photosystems (noncyclic)
Electron source: H2O
Produce ATP, NADPH
Produce O2 (oxygenic photosynthesis) |
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Term
Photosynthesis in Green and Purple Bacteria |
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Definition
Have bacteriochlorophyll
Use 1 photosystem
Electron source: H2S, S, H2
Produce ATP
Do not produce O2
(anoxygenic photosynthesis) |
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Term
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Definition
Turnover
Continual degradation and re-synthesis of cellular constituents
Rate of biosynthesis approximately balanced by rate of catabolism |
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Term
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Definition
in eucaryotes, occurs in stroma of chloroplast
in cyanobacteria, some nitrifying bacteria, and thiobacilli, may occur in carboxysomes
inclusion bodies that contain ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco)
consists of 3 phases
Rubisco catalyzes addition of CO2 to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), forming 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA)
3-PGA is reduced to Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Converts Gly-3-P to ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate (regenerated)
To synthesize G-6-P or F-6-P from CO2 the cycle must operate 6x.
Incorporation of 1 CO2 into organic material costs 3 ATPs and 2 NADPHs
To synthesize G-6-P or F-6-P from CO2 the cycle must operate 6x.
Incorporation of 1 CO2 into organic material costs 3 ATPs and 2 NADPHs
6 CO2 + 18ATP + 12NADPH + 12H+ + 12H2O
Glucose + 18ADP + 18Pi + 12NADP+ |
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Term
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Definition
Gluconeogenesis
used to synthesize glucose and fructose from noncarbohydrate precursors
generates glucose and fructose
most other sugars made from them
functional reversal of glycolysis (starts with Pyruvate)
7 enzymes shared
4 enzymes are unique to Gluconeogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
Nitrogen needed for protein, nucleic acid, and coenzyme synthesis
Incorporated from
Ammonia
Nitrate
Atmospheric N2 (Nitrogen fixation) |
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Term
Ammonia Assimilation Pathways
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Definition
Major route for ammonia incorporation:
Glutamate Dehydrogenase
slide 21 lec 11 |
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Term
Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction |
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Definition
Nitrogen is more oxidized
Must be reduced to ammonia before nitrogen can be converted to an organic form
Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction
NO3 - > NH3 |
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Term
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Definition
Nitrogen incorporated from atmospheric N2
Enzyme: Nitrogenase
Energy requirement: Very high!!
N2 + 8H+ + 8e- + 16 ATP
2 NH3 + H2 + 16 ADP + 16 Pi
Importance of N2 - Fixation
Widespread among microorganisms
Rhizobium - lives as symbiont with plants (legumes)
Many are free-living bacteria (Azotobacter)
Cyanobacteria
Nitrogenase reaction is anaerobic
Is inhibited by O2 |
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Term
N2-fixing System of Streptomyces thermoautotrophicus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Replenish TCA cycle intermediates
Allow TCA cycle to function during periods of active biosynthesis
CO2 fixation
phosphoenolpyruvate or pyruvate -> oxloacetate
Glyoxylate cycle
Isocitrate to succinate or malate. Prevents alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamate |
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Term
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Definition
1. NAG or NAM is linked to UDP
2. UDP-NAM linked to amino acids (ATP required, but no ribosome or tRNA)
3. NAM-peptide passed from UDP to bactoprenol phosphate
4.NAG transferred from UDP to NAM-peptide to form peptidoglycan repeat unit
5.Peptidoglycan repeat unit transported across membrane by bactoprenol
6. Peptidoglycan unit added onto growing peptidoglycan chain
7. Bactoprenol carrier returns to inside of membrane
8. Transpeptidation - crosslinks formed in peptidoglycan |
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Term
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Definition
| CO2, S, SO4 2-, NO3 -, Fe 3+, O2 |
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Term
| Chemolithotroph electron donors |
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Definition
| Phosphite, Hydrogen, Sulfide, Sulfur, Ammonium, Nitrite, Ferrous Iron |
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Term
Hydrogenase Chemolithotrophs |
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Definition
Ni and/or Fe
Alcaligenes
Streptomyces thermoautotrophicus
H cluster has Fe and S |
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Term
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Definition
Rolstonia eutropha:
2 Hydrogenases (membrane-bound & cytoplasmatic) |
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Term
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Definition
| NH4+ + 1 1/2 O2 NO2- + H2O + 2H+ |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
ammonia-oxidizing bacteria |
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Definition
Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase
Ammonia monooxygenase
Nitrite oxidoreductase |
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Term
CO oxidizing bacteria: CO -> CO2 |
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Definition
Aerob
Mo in active site of CO-Dehydrogenase
(Molybdopterin)
Streptomyces thermoautotrophicus
Oligotropha carboxidovorans
Anaerob
Ni in active site of CO-Dehydrogenase
Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans |
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