-genetic disease

-Affects organs that secrete mucin, tears, sweat, digestive juices, and saliva

-abnormal chloride transport- results in thick mucus 

cigarette smoking

-3 types: squamos cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma

treatment: removal of diseased lung 

-abnormal relaxation of weakening of cardiac sphinchter

-gastric reflux erodes esophageal tissue 

erosion of stomach or duodenal mucosa

*helicobacter pylori-most common cause of ulcer 

Intestinal obstruction

-periodic inflammation of intestinal wall

-symptoms include cramping, diaheria, weight loss, intestinal bleeding 

-inflammation of liver

-Flu like symptoms and jaundice 

-sexually active young women

-bacteria from vagina enter urethra

-inflamtaion of urethra (urethritis)

-bladder infection (cystitis)

-kidney infection (pyelonephritis)

symptoms

-dysuria (painful urination), urgency, pressure in pelvis 

approximately 4000 deaths per year

-HPV infection

-pap smear= test to detect Cerv. cancer

-treatement

-cone biopsy

-hysterectomy

-development of HPV vaccine? 

normally occurs between ages 45 and 55

-cessation of ovulation and menstration

-circulation lvls of estrogen and progesterone decline

-reduction in uterine and breast size

-bone mass decline-osteoporosis 

Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)

noncancerous enlargement of the prostate

-very common 90% of men over 80

-symptoms: nocturia, polyuria, dysuria 

risk increases with age

detected by digital rectal exam or PSA test 

individual with both male and female sex charac.

true hermaphrodites have both ovarian and testicular structures and ambiguous external genetalia

Trisomy 21

nondisjuntion

incidence increases greatly with mother's age 

tubal pregnancy

oocyte implants in uterine tube

-U. tube unable to expand as fetus develops

-no treatment to save baby 

one of a few preventabel birth dfects

-single binge can be a teratogen

-FAS= growth retardation, heart defects, microcephally (small brain), mental retardation 

only used as last resort for cases of extreme acne

-25% of babies born to mothers on it have birth defect, 50% are mentally disabled 

-caused by vitamin C definciency

-normal collagen fibers cannot be formed

-weakening of gums, teeth, and internal mucosa

-prevelant amung sailors 

-genetic disease, abnormal gene on chromosom 15

-abnormalities in fibrillin, collagen, and elasticin

-causes skeletal, cardio, and connective tissue abnor.

-tall and thin with long arms, toes, fingers

-typically die by age 50 because of heart weakness 

genetic and hormonal

-genetic: 2 alleles one for uniform is recessive to dominant gene for baldness

-hormonal: testosterone causes terminal hair to be replaced by vellus hair 

1. fracture hematoma forms

2. soft callus forms

3. hard callus forms

4. bone remodeled 

-soft bones in children

-leads to bowed legs

-vitamin D deficiency

-calcium deficiency 

excessive bone resorption

aged and post-menopause 

rupture of the annulus firbrosus leading to protrusion of nucleus pulposus

-pressure on nerve and roots

-treatment: NSAIDS, steroid, PT, surgery 

Polydactyly

Meromelia

Phocomelia 

-extra digits

 -Partial absence of a limb

-short poorly formed limb (fin like) 

inflamatory disease that damages the joints

-gouty

-inherited group of muscle disorders

-muscles enlarge, though muscle fibers atrophy

-most common and serious form= duchenne

-x linked recessive gene

-1 in 3500 births, mostly male

-lacks protein called dystrophin