main organ that filters blood to remove metabolic waste
products; modify resulting fluid (filtrate) for the following purposes:
 Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis 

Acid-base and blood pressure homeostasis

1) 1.) Filter blood to remove metabolic/nitrogenous wastes
which are then eliminated when urine exits the body (NH2 ---> toxic ammonia ---> urea)

2) Regulate fluid (i.e. water balance and blood pressure)
and electrolyte balance by regulating osmolarity (blood solute concentration) by either conserving or eliminating water and electrolytes:

A group of organs and tissues that not only wokrs with the immune system but also participates in functions like fluid homeostasis and lipid absorption?

Consists of TWO main components:

1)

2)

Lymphoid follicles:

1)TONSILS

2) LYMPH NODES

3) SPLEEN

4) THYMUS

1) Regulates INTERSTIAL FLUID

2) Absoprtion of DIETARY FATS

3) Immune Functions

-production, maintenance, and distribution of several types of leukocytes

Thoracic duct

L internal juglar, and L subclavian veins

everywhere except the upper right

the largest lymph vessel is the ______ ____

it drains into the junction of what two veins??

it collects fluid from what parts of body??

Nose and nasal cavity – encased in cranial and facial bones 

Pharynx (throat) 

Larynx or voice box – in anterior neck 

Trachea or windpipe – in mediastinum 

Bronchial tree – collection of branching tubes

Zone of the respiratory system through which
air travels on its way into (inspired or inhaled) and out (expired or exhaled) of body
 Air is filtered, warmed, and moistened as it travels through

1)Pulmonary Ventilation

2) Pulmonary Gas Exchange

3) Gas Transport

4) Tissue Gas Exchange

• Speech and Sound
• Nuerons for Smell
• Assist Defecation, Urination, and Childbirth by Pressure
• Assist with Flow of Venous Blood and Lymph by Pressure
• Maintain Acid-Base Homeostasis in ECF
• Synthesize Enzyme to help produce Angiotensin II (Vasocontriction and blood pressure goes up!)

Inhaled air is warmed and humidified
Debris is filtered from inhaled air and antibacterial

The nasal cavity is divided by the _____ ______

What is the difference between respiratory and olfactory mucosa:

Which one is located on roof of nasal cavity; houses
receptors for smell; cribriform plate of ethmoid bone allows these bipolar olfactory neurons access to nasal cavity?

Which one is made of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells (unicellular glands that secrete mucus); combination of ciliated epithelium and mucus is specialized for air filtration; foreign particles are trapped in mucus; ciliated cells propel debris and mucus toward posterior nasal cavity and pharynx??

naso-

oro-

laryngo-

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium for warming, humidifying, and filtering inspired air (only

Also a common passageway for both air and food; lined with

Adam's Apple is made of _____ cartilage?

an elastic cartilage flap; base attached to posterior side of thyroid cartilage; superior free-edge is not attached to surroundings.

The opening is the _______

1) Cartilage changes from C-shaped to complete rings to
progressively fewer irregular plates


2) Epithelium gradually changes from respiratory epithelium in larger bronchi to columnar cells in smaller bronchi
3) Amount of smooth muscle increasesand hyaline
cartilage decreases as bronchi get progressively smaller; tiny airways must be able to change diameter to control air flow in bronchioles and alveoli

Bronchioles // simple cuboidal epithelium

smallest airways (diameter < 1.0 mm);
demonstrate features which differ from larger airways.

What type of tissue are they made of?

1) Type 1 Alveolar cells

2) Basal lamina of type 1 alveolar cells

3) Capillary endothelial cells

Accessory muscles of expiration, used for ______ _______: include internal intercostals and
abdominal muscles (rectus abdominis)


Forcefully decrease size of thoracic cavity; why your
abdominal and back muscles are often sore after having a cough

1) Diaphragm, external intercostals

2) Internal intercostals

What are the inspiratory muscles?

Expiratory?

1) Airway Resistance

2) Alveolar Surface Tension

3) Pulmonary Compliance

1) surface area of respiratory membrane

2) thickness of the membrane

3) ventilation-perfusion matching (however much air is coming in MUST match the blood flow in the capillaries)

LOW blood O2 levels, sign of impaired pulmonary gas exchange?

HIGH blood CO2 levels, sign of SEVERLY impaired pumonary gas exchange?

1) Lymph valves

2) contracting deep muscles

3) contracting smooth muscle in walls of lymph vessels

• to allow cells such as macrophages and other immune cells to enter lymph
• to let fluid easily be picked up by the vessels
  

1) removal of lymphatic vessels during surgery

2)blockage of vessels from pathogens such as parasites

a surgical procedure used to determine if cancer has spread beyond a primary tumor into your lymphatic system.

______ ______ are the first few lymph nodes into which tumor would drain.

the predominant tissue type in the lymphatic system is a loose connective tissue called ___________ _______.

Contains a "web" of fibers to trap pathogens!

agranulocytes with diverse immune

1) macrophages

2) B lymphocytes

3) T lymphocytes

1) dentritic cells

2) reticular cells

MALT - Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue

Consit

loosely organized clusters of lymphoid tissue that protects
mucous membranes, which are exposed to a large number of pathogens.

___ ____in the spleen is where the RBCs die and atrophy

____ _____ in the spleen is where pathogens from blood are filtered and it also contains leukocytes

what organ in the superior mediastinum secretes hormones that enable it to help with the maturation of T cells?

T cells are born in the _____ ________ and migrate to the thymus.

What is the thymus's vital role?

type of immunity that responds to all pathogens or classes of pathogens in the same way.

dominant response to pathogens for first 12 hours

1) Cell Mediated

2) Antibody Mediated

located in blood and spleen,

Cells that are activated by a variety of stimuli,
including certain molecules present on pathogens, chemicals secreted by damaged cells, and signals from cells of adaptive immunity
They are generally first cells to
respond to a cellular injury, where they ingest other cells

most numerous granulocyte; highly
effective phagocytes that kill their ingested pathogens with chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid, and lysozyme
Can ingest many types of cells, but are particularly

1) Cell LYSIS and Formation of a MAC (membrane attack complex)

2) enhanced INFLAMMATION

3) Neutralization of VIRUSES

4) enhance PHAGOCYTOSIS

-OPSONIZATION makes phagocytes bind more strongly to their pathogens; "coats" them.

7) Clearance of IMMUNE COMPLEXES

1) Damaged cells release inflammatory mediators that cause local changes in damaged tissue

2) phagocytes arrive and clean up damaged tissue

What are the two BASIC stages of inflammatory response?

fever is an innate response to cellular injury that is initiated when chemicals called __________ are released from damaged cells.

These chemicals then alert the _____ in the brain to reset the bodies thermostat

Class 1 // endogenous // t cytotoxic

class 2 // exogenous // T helper

There are two types of MHC molecules.

_________: found on plasma membrance of nearly ALL nucleated cells, associated with T CYTOTOXIC cells. They present ______ antigens!

________: found on surfances of antigen presenting cells, associated with T HELPER cells. They present ______ antigens

1) Cell synthesizes a self/foreign antigen, that antigen is broken down by enzymes in cytosol

2)a fragement is transported to the RER and is paired with a Class 1 MHC molecule

3) MHC-antigen complex leaves RER and is inserted into cells plasma membrane

//

The only difference is that 1st, the antigen must be brought into cell by phagocytosis

WHAT ARE THE BASIC STEPS OF CLASS 1 MHC MOLECULE DISPLAYING AN ENDOGENOUS ANTIGEN?

what about a class 2 displaying an exogenous antigen?

1)MHC antigen complex binds to the receptor of either a T helper or T cytotoxic cell clone.

2)When T cell receptor recognizes and binds this complex,
multiple changes are triggered inside T cell and process of activation begins; known as CLONAL SELECTION.

3) The activated clone proliferates and differentiates into either ______ or ______ cells! (effector or memory)

1) stimulation of macrophages

2) activation of T cells and B cells

3) responsible for EVERY LEVEL of INNATE immunity!

4) secrete CYTOKINES

primary function of cytotoxic T cells is
to kill other cells, specifically those with foreign antigens bound to class I MHC molecules:
Can detect abnormalities in any cell type with a nucleus;

plasma cells and memory cells

// plasma B cells

B cells differentiate into two types:

What do antibodies come from?

most prevalent (80%) antibody in body; consists of a
single subunit (monomer); only antibody able to cross from blood of a pregnant woman to her developing fetus through

1) agglutination and precipitation

2) opsonization

3) neutralization

4) complement system activation

5) stimulation of inflammation

4-5 day // antibodies // IgM

1-3 // IgG

primary immune responses have a _____ day lag phase. plasma cells begin to secrete ____. antibody levels peak aroun d____ days after antigen is encountered.

primary antibody involved is ___

secondary immune responsed happens if future exposure to these antigens occurs. Shorter lag phase of _____ days. The primary antibody involved in this is _____

1) Immediate

--most dramatic reaction. Allergies.

2) Immune-Complex

--mediated by immune complexes (antigen + antibody). Lupus.

3) Delayed-Type

--mediated by T CELLS rather than antibodies. poison Ivy.

4) Antibody-Mediated

--when antibodies bind to self-antigens. :( Blood incompatibility.

dyspnea

eupnea

tachypnea

12-16

medulla

SHORTNESS OF BREATH:

normal breathing:

rapid breathing:

adult should have ____ breaths p.m.?

the ______ is the part of the brain responsible for ventilation.

respiratory rythm generator RRG

ventral respiratory column

a group of neurons that creates the basic ryhtm for breathing:

Found in the :

low // hyperventilation

peripheral chemoreceptors

HIGH H+ means a ____ pH, and this will trigger _______ to return CO2 levels back to normal.

oh also, the _______ _______ are a specialized grou of cells found in the carotid arteries and the aorta to detect partial pressure of co2

IN // OUT

obstructive: asthma, COPD, lung cancer. Normal VC, but FEV1 is low!

restrictive lung diseases include:

that means air has trouble getting ___

obstructive is the opposite.

What are some of these?