Term
| Describe the operation of AV valves? |
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Definition
- When AV valves are open their cusps project into the ventricle.
-When ventricles are relaxed chordae tendineae and papillary are slacked.
-When ventricles contract blood pressure drives the cusps closed the papillary muscles pull on the chordae tendineae. |
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Term
| Describe the operation of semi lunar valves? |
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Definition
-Semi lunars are open when pressure in the ventricles exceed artery pressure,permitting ejection through valves.
-Semi lunars close when ventricles relax and backflow begins. |
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Term
| Describe the events of cardiac cell contraction |
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Definition
-Rapid depol- Na channels open allowing Na influx
-Ca enters from the outside into the sarcolema. Ca bonds to tropinin which in turn causes cross binding that leads to sliding filament.
-Sliding filament produces muscles contraction.
-Ca open K channels close K channels become impermeable.
-Repol occurs when channels open K diffuses out and Ca channels close. Rmp restores but Na and K switched.
-Refactory allows for K and Na to switch sides. |
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Term
| What does the PWQE represent? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does the T wave represent? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the S-T segment represent? |
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Definition
| Ventricular contractile fibres depol. |
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Term
| What does the P-Q interval represent? |
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Definition
| From beginning of atria excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Beginning of ventricular depol to end of ventricular repol. |
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Term
| Describe the cardiac cycle diastole? |
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Definition
-Both atria and ventricles are relaxed
-Av's open
-Sa node conducts atria contraction
-Atria's blood empty into ventricles.
-Semi lunars close to prevent backflow. |
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Term
| Describe the cardiac cycle systole? |
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Definition
-Ventricles contract pumping blood through semilunar
-Ventricles contract
-Atrioventricular close and semi lunar valves open. |
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Term
| What does the conducting zone include? |
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Definition
-brings air to external resp
-nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea bronchi and lungs |
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Term
| What does the respiratory zone include? |
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Definition
-main site of gas exchange
-resp bronchioles, alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and alveoli. |
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Term
| Describe when inhalation occurs in relation to pressure. |
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Definition
- Air pressure in lungs is equal to atmospheric before inhalation.
-The pressure inside the alveoli must be lover than atmospheric for air to enter lungs.
-This is achieved by increasing lunch size which occurs with diaphragm contraction. |
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Term
| Describe when exhalation occurs in relation to pressure. |
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Definition
-When pressure in the lungs is higher than atmospheric exhalation occurs.
-This is mostly passive only aided by the recoil of lung tissues.
-Exhalation occurs when the diaphragm is relaxed causing alveolar pressure to increase. |
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Term
| What happens to alveolar pressure during exhalation and inhalation? |
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Definition
-During exhalation pressure increases
-During inhalation pressure decreases |
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Term
| What is the role of surfactant? |
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Definition
| -Reduces surface tension allowing the lungs to expand and recoil to occur allowing alveoli diameter to shrink. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Lung compliance refers to how much pressure is needed to make lungs expand.
-High compliance means that expand easily. |
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Term
|
Definition
500 ML
volume of one breath inspired during normal breathing |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inhaled during deep breath. 3100 ML |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inhale normal exhale forcibly. 1200 ML |
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Term
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Definition
| Volume always left in lungs. |
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Term
|
Definition
4800ML
ERV+vt+IRV
All that can be max inhaled. |
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Term
| Describe the partial pressures of gases along the airway exchange. |
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Definition
Atmosphere- PO2 159, PCO2 0.3
Alveolar- PO2 105, PC02 40
Oxygenated blood- PO2 100, C=40
Tissues- PO2 40, C=45
Deoxygenated blood- PO2= 40,PCO2 45 |
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Term
| Describe the process of gas exchange at the lungs and tissues |
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Definition
-Oxygen diffuses into the blood at 1.5 ad 98.5 binds to Hb and is brought to the left atrium and to tissue cells.
-Oxygen diffuses into tissues tissues cells and Co2 binds to Hb goes to the right atrium to the lungs and is exhaled.
-C02 also becomes HCO3- and |
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Term
| Describe the process of gas exchange at the lungs and tissues |
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Definition
-Oxygen diffuses into the blood at 1.5 ad 98.5 binds to Hb and is brought to the left atrium and to tissue cells.
-Oxygen diffuses into tissues tissues cells and Co2 binds to Hb goes to the right atrium to the lungs and is exhaled.
-C02 also becomes HCO3- and |
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Term
| What two methods can O use to diffuse? |
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Definition
-diffuse into plasma
-bind to Hb |
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Term
| Explain the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? |
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Definition
Acidity- as ph decreases the affinity for 02 decrease, O2 dissociates more readily from Hb, bc CO2 bind
Temperature- As temp increases so does the amount of O2 released from Hb
BPG- Helps unload O2 from Hb |
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Term
| Describe the three methods by which CO2 is transported? |
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Definition
Dissolved CO2- 7% of CO2 is dissolved in plasma. Upon reaching the lungs it is exhaled.
Carbamino compounds- 23% of CO2 combines with amino groups in blood and forms carbamino compounds. CO2 binds greaty to Hb.
-Bicarbonate ions- 70% of CO2 is transported as HCO3-. CO2 reacts with water and becomes bicarbonate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occipital, parietal (2),temporal (2), ethmoid, frontal which are held together by the sphenoid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mandible, maxilla(2), vomer, nasal bones(2), zygomatic(2), lacrimal (20, palatine (2), and conchae (2). |
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Term
| What do skull bones allow for? |
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Definition
| Attachment for muscles, produce facial expressions, support facial entrances. |
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Term
| Name and describe the bones of the thoracic cage |
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Definition
Sternum, ribs, costal cartilages.
Sternum-manubrium, body and xiphoid.
Costal cartilages are bars of hyaline connecting ribs to the sternum.
Ribs- Top 7 true,bottom 5 false,last two floating. |
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Term
| What are the bones of the pectoral girdle ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the intertubercular grove? |
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Definition
| attachment for the bicep. |
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Term
| What does the interosseus attach? |
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Definition
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Term
| What bones form the os coxae? |
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Definition
| Pubis, ischium and illium. |
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Term
| The differences the male pelvis has from female? |
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Definition
| Male is larger, heavier, more narrow, smaller inlet, pubic arch angle of greater than 90 degrees. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Longer than wide, curved for weight bearing. |
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Term
|
Definition
| thin, two parallel compact bone plates enclosing spongy bone. |
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Term
| Yellow bone marrow describe |
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Definition
| fat storage in the diaphysis |
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Term
|
Definition
| produces rbc's, epiphysis |
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Term
| Describe articular cartilage |
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Definition
| Covers ends of bone where to bones form a joint. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Thin layer of CT line surface of bone tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
Good at providing protection and support.
Forms diaphysis and external of all bones. |
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Term
|
Definition
Lightweight, provides tissue support
Forms epiphysis and internal of all bones. |
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Term
| What do chondrocytes form? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe bone fracture repair |
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Definition
-6-8 Hematoma forms
- weeks to months formation of calus, phagocytes remove debris and fibroblasts build spongy tissue
-After a while sponge turns to compact but fracture evidence since present. |
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Term
| What are the structural classification of joints |
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Definition
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Fibrous |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lack cartilage and synovial cavity, suture bones |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ligaments hold bones together |
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Term
| Describe cartilaginous joints |
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Definition
| Cartilage between bones, inter-vertebral disks |
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Term
| What three things stabilize a synovial joint? |
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Definition
| Ligaments number, muscle tone and articular surface affect stabilization. |
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Term
| Describe flexion, extension, hypoextension, rotation, abduction, adduction, circumduction, dorsiflex, plantar flex, inversion, eversion. |
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Definition
flexion-reduce angle
extension- increase angle hypoextension- over exert angle
rotation-movement around axis
abduction-movement away
adduction-movement towards circumduction- combo
dorsiflex-stand on heals
plantar flex-pointing toes
inversion-turning medially
eversion- turning laterally |
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Term
| Name and provide examples of six types of synovial based on movements allowed |
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Definition
Planar-side to side
Hinge-open and close
Pivot- rotate, head
Condyloid- movement around axis, finger
Saddle joint- expanded condyloid
Ball and socket- all movements |
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Term
|
Definition
| from red bone marrow and mature into immunocompetent cells and b cells |
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Term
| What does a macrophage do |
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Definition
| Protect body and activate t cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Found in lymphoid tissue also plays role in t cell activation |
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Term
|
Definition
| produce stroma which is the network that supports the cell types in lymph |
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Term
|
Definition
| Largest lymph organ, remove old/deffective RBC, platelets, and foreign matter |
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Term
|
Definition
| Secrete hormones that cause t cell to become immunocompetent.Made of thymic loubles containing outer cortex and inner medulla. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Remove pathogens inhaled or eaten. Made of lymph tissue. |
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Term
| Cluster of lymph follicle function |
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Definition
| Found in the wall of the SI and appendix |
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