Which of the following is not part of the innate immune system?

1. stomach acidity 
2. the function of neutrophiles
3. the function of lymphocytes
4. a fever

Which of the following statements regarding antigens is true? 

1. They are always foreign molecules. 
2. They are produced by B lymphocytes
3. They are attacked by the innate immune system. 
4. They are attacked by the adaptive immune system. 

Which of the following leukocytes can be transformed into macrophages during a local inflammation? 

1. Lymphocytes
2. Monocytes
3. Neutrophils
4. Basophils 

Extravasation refers to

1. the squeezing of certain leukocytes through capillary channels to enter the interstitial fluid
2. the filtration of fluid out of capillary pores to result in a localized edema 
3. the actions of histamine to promote vasodilation
4. the loss of blood in a hemorrhage

Which of the following molecules can be classified as a cytokine?

1. Endogenous pyrogen
2. Endotoxin
3. Acetylcholine
4. Cortisol 

Which of the following statements regarding humoral immunity is false? 

1. It is provided by B lymphocytes. 
2. It involves the secretion of antibodies. 
3. It's produced by cells processed in the bone marrow. 
4. It's provided by 65% to 85% of the lymphocytes in the blood. 

Which of the following is not a secondary lymphoid organ? 

1. Lymph nodes
2. Peyer's patches
3. Thymus
4. Tonsils 

Which of the following statements about antibodies is false? 

1. Antibodies kill bacterial cells directly. 
2. Antibodies coat bacterial cells, increasing their phagocytosis. 
3. Antibodies activate complement proteins, which form a membrane attack complex. 
4. Antibodies are grouped into different classes of immunoglobulins. 
   

Which of the following statements about a secondary immune response is false? 

1. It follows a primary immune response. 
2. It provides passive immunity. 
3. It results from the formation of lymphocyte clones. 
4. It causes more antibodies to be produced more quickly when exposed to a specific pathogen. 
   

Antiserum, or antitoxin,

1. is used for vaccinations. 
2. contains virulent pathogens. 
3. contains antibodies. 
4. produce lymphocytes clones. 

According to the clonal selection theory, 

1. each lymphocytes is able to respond to only one particular antigen. 
2. each B lymphocyte is genetically able to produce only one specific antibody. 
3. exposure of a lymphocyte to its specific antigen causes it to proliferate. 
4. All of these statements are true. 

When does immunological competence begin to develop? 

1. Before birth
2. A month after birth
3. A year after birth
4. At puberty

The type of reaction that can be produced by poison ivy or poison oak is a(n)

1. immediate hypersensitivity reaction caused by B cells
2. immediate hypersensitivy reaction caused by T cells
3. delayed hypersensitivity reaction caused by B cells
4. delayed hypersensitivity reaction caused by T cells 

In allergic rhinitis, the symptoms are caused by antibodies of the 

1. IgE class
2. IgG class
3. IgM class
4. IgD class 

Which of the following statements about T cells stimulation is false?

1. The antigen must be bound to an MHC protein. 
2. The antigen must be free in plasma or body fluids. 
3. The antigen must be presented on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. 
4. The antigen must be specific for the specific T cell receptor protein. 

Which of the following statements regarding interleukin-2 is false? 

1. It's a cytokine. 
2. It's a lymphokine. 
3. It's secreted by B lymphocytes. 
4. It's needed for the activation of killer T lymphocytes. 

Which of the following types of disease could be promoted by the inadequate action of regulatory T lymphocytes?

1. Diseases caused by viruses. 
2. Diseases caused by fungi. 
3. Diseases casued by bacteria. 
4. Diseases caused by the immune system (autoimmune diseases). 

Perforins and granzymes are released by

1. B lymphocytes
2. killer T lymphocytes
3. helper T lymphocytes
4. regulatory T lymphocytes