Term
| What is the nonspecific immune response? |
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Definition
| It is innate; every response is the same; has no memory; cannot differentiate between types of invasions. |
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Term
| What is the specific immune response? |
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Definition
| Every response is unique; second exposure to pathogen has a faster response because it has memory. |
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Term
| What are some of the mechanical or physical barriers associated with the nonspecific immune response? |
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Definition
-skin, mucous membranes, tears, coughing
-acidic secretions from skin
-stomach acid and enzymes kill microorganisms
-saliva and tears have lysozymes
-mucosa of nose, throat trap pathogens |
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Term
| What is a chemical response in the nonspecific immune response? |
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Definition
| antimicrobial proteins prevent entrance to cell, cause vasodilation, increased permeability, attract WBC's, and increase phagocytosis |
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Term
| What is the role of Interferon? |
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Definition
| Protects body against viral effect by stimulating the cells near virus infected cells to produce antiviral proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of about 20 proteins that normally circulate in plasma in inactive state. |
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Term
| What is the function of complement? |
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Definition
| Binds to a bacterial call's surface and causes it to lyse. Stimulated by antibodies (classical) or factors C3 (alternative) |
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Term
| What type of cell is the first to enter the infected site? |
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Definition
| Neutrophils, which act as phagocytes. |
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Term
| what is the role of Basophils in the inflammatory response? |
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Definition
| They release factors such as heparin and histamine that attract more white blood cells. (chemotactic factors) |
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Term
| What is the role of eosinophils in the inflammatory response? |
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Definition
| They act as moderators of the immune response and keep it from getting out of control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase numbers at site of infection; clean up crew. |
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Term
| what is the role of mast cells? |
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Definition
| release chemotaxic factors and phagocytose bacteria. |
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Term
| What do the natural killer cells do? |
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Definition
| recognize tumor and cancerous cells |
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Term
| Why is inflammation so important in the immune response? |
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Definition
1. prevents spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues
2. disposes of cell debris and pathogens
3. sets stage for repair process |
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Term
| What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation? |
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Definition
| redness, heat, swelling, pain |
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Term
| What is the role of vasodilation in the inflammatory response? |
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Definition
| Caused by release of histamines from injured tissues. Causes redness and heat. |
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Term
| What is the role of vascular permeability in the inflammatory response? |
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Definition
| allows protein rich fluid to seep into injured region from blood vessels. |
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Term
| What are the steps of phagocyte mobilization? |
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Definition
Injured cells release chemotactic factors that draw phagocytes.
1. leukocytosis
2. margination
3. diapedesis
4. chemotaxis |
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Term
| What are antigenic determinants? |
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Definition
| Aka Epitopes. Region on surface of antigen that is immunogenic. |
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Term
| What is a complete antigen? |
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Definition
| It is immunogenic and reactive. Includes viruses, bacteria, fungi. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reactive but not immunogenic so they only cause a reaction if they bind to other proteins in our bodies. Pet dander, poison ivy, cosmetics and perfumes. |
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Term
| What is the MHC I complex? |
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Definition
| Found in nucleated cells, causes red flag to be raised if they display a foreign antigen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in macrophages, B-cells, and monocytes. Processed antigens will cause costimulation to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Costimulation is the process wherein the MHC II complex of an APC binds with a helper T cell and this stimulates release of cytokines between two cells which causes helper T cells to proliferate and produce more helper T cells or to stimulate B or T cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What are B cells effective against? |
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Definition
| Extracellular bacteria, parasites, and viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| antibody can bind directly to antigenic determinant and interfere with or deactivate antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| Antibody can combine with antigenic determinants on two antigens rendering them ineffective. |
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Term
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Definition
| small water soluble antigens are settled out of solution and are then engulfed |
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Term
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Definition
| Antibodies can activate complement cascade and release factors which induce inflammatory response and cell lysis. |
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Term
| What is primary response of B cells? |
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Definition
| involves creation of plasma cells and memory cells |
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Term
| What is the secondary response of B cells? |
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Definition
| occurs upon repeated exposure to familiar antigen. |
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Term
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Definition
| fixes complement, often first antibody produced, strong agglutinating agent |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted into tears, mucous, protects body surfaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| functions as an antigen binding site on B cells |
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Term
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Definition
| most abundant in plasma, activates complement, main antibody in primary and secondary responses, can cross placenta. |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to mast cells and basophils, stimulates inflammatory response |
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Term
| What are T cells effective against? |
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Definition
| intracellular microorganisms such as viruses, fungi, bacteria, and parasites. |
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Term
| What are the effects of cytotoxic T cells? |
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Definition
| cause cells to lyse by releasing perforins, cause release of cytokines that attract macrophages and WBC's. |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulate antibody mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
| individual is exposed and develops antibodies and memory cells |
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Term
| active artificial immunity |
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Definition
| vaccination - antigen is introduced in altered form. no disease and memory cells are formed |
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Term
|
Definition
| passed from mother to fetus through placenta or milk. |
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Term
| passive artificial immunity |
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Definition
| antibodies taken from another source and are given via vaccination |
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