Term
| Immune System Hypersensitivty |
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Definition
| Too Vigorous. An excessive immune reaction against antigens that most people tolerate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Immune system response maybe misdirected against wrong targets. Or too weak. |
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Definition
| reaction to transplanted tissue from another person |
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Definition
| abnormal reactions to one's own tissues |
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Definition
| reactions to environmental antigens or allergens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dust mole pollen vaccines bee and wasp venom poison ivy... |
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Term
| 4 kinds of hypersensitivity |
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Definition
typeI acute: very rapid B CELL
typeII and type III subacute: slower onset B CELL
TypeIV: delyaed cell medicated response T CELL |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes most common allergies. IgE-mediated reaction that begins within seconds of exposure. ex: food allergies and asthma |
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Term
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Definition
| Immediate, severe type I reaction. Local anaphylaxis can be relieved with antihistamines |
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Term
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Definition
Severe, widespread acute hypersensitivty that occurs when an allergen is introduced to the
bloodstream of an allergic individual.
Antihistamines, Epinephrine, fluid therapy and respiratory support |
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Term
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Definition
| are inadequate by themselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| relieves the symptoms by dialating bronchioles increasing cardiac output and restoring blood pressure. |
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Term
| Fluid therapy and respiratory support |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| most common chronic illness in children |
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Term
| Allergic (extrinsic) asthma |
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Definition
| most common form of asthma. Respiratory crisis triggered by inhaled allergens. Binds to most cells in repiratory mucosa. |
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Term
| nonallergic (intrinsic) asthma |
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Definition
| triggered by infection, drugs, air pollutants, cold dry air. More common in adults |
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Term
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Definition
| Epinepherine and other Beta-adrenergic stimulants to dilate airway and restore breathing. and with inhaled corticosteroids to minimize inflammation and long term damage |
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Term
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Definition
| Antibody dependent cytotoxic. occurs with IgG or IgM attacks antigens bound to cell surfaces. Reaction leads to complement activation and lysis or opsonixstion(rendering of bacteria and other cells subject to phagocytosis) of the target cell. |
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Term
| Type III Hypersensitivity |
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Definition
Immune Complex. IgG or IgM form antigen-antibody complexes that precipitate beneath endothelium of blood vessels. Triggers intense inflammation.
Ex; autoimune diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| Delayed. Cell mediated reaction. signs appear 12-72 hours after exposure. t cells secrete interferon and cytokines that activated cytotoxic t cells and macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
| immune system fails to distinguish self-antigens from foreign ones(failure of self tolerance) produce autoantibodies |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Some antibodies against foreign antigens react to similar self antigens.
-rheumatic fever-streptococcus antibodies also react with heart valves |
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Term
| Abnormal exposer of Self-Antigens in blood |
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Definition
| some of out native antigens are not exposed to blood. Blood testes barrier isolates sperm from blood. |
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Term
| Changes in structure of self antigens |
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Definition
| viruses and drugs may change the structure of self-antigens or cause the immune system to perceive them as foreign |
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Term
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Definition
| Too weak. Immune system fails to react vigorously enough or may be completely absent/ |
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Term
Severe Combined immunodeficiency disease
(SCID) |
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Definition
| hereditary lack or t and B cells. vulnerability to opportunistic infection and mist live in protective enclosures |
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Term
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Definition
| is the most common primary immunodeficiency disease. people with this have absent levels of a blood protein called immunoglobinA |
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Term
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Definition
| protects against infections of the mucous membranes lining the mouth, airways and digestive tract |
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Term
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS) |
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Definition
nonhereditary disease contracted after birth.
is the final stage of HIV in which there is severe damage to the immune system.
The virus attacks immune system and leaves the body vulnerable to life threatening infections and cancers.
Destroys tH cells |
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Term
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Definition
| uses viral RNA as template to synthesize DNA. New DNA is inserted into host cell DNA( may lie dormate for years)when activated is induces host to produce new viral RNA they then adhere to new host cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| May have no symtoms for years... but the disease can still be transmitted to other. if not treated AIDS developes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flulike symptoms, night sweats, headache, extreme weightloss, Lower Th cell count. |
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Term
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Definition
| herpes symplex virus or tuberculosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| white patches on mucous membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| cancer originates in endothelial cells of blood vessesl. causes puple lesions in skin |
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Term
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Definition
through blood semen vaginal secrection breast milk or across the placenta
most common: Sex, contaminated blood, contaminated needles |
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Term
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Definition
| prevent binging to CD4 proteins of Th cells. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| AZT first anti hiv drug.. inhibits reverse transcriptase |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit enzymes HIV needs to replicate |
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Term
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Definition
| indirect method of defense than cellular immunity. B lymphocytes produce antibodies than bind to antigens and tag them for destruction by other means. Works in three stages. Recognition attack memory. |
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Term
| Recognition stage of Humoral immunity |
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Definition
immunocompetent B--thousands of surface receptors for one antigen
ACTIVATION begins when an antigen binds to several of these receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to this Ag-MHCP complex secretes interleukins. |
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Term
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Definition
| b cell mitosis gives rise to and battalion of identical B cells programmed against the same antigen. Differentiate into plasma cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| antibody...defensive gamma globulin found in blood plasma, tissue fluids and body secretions |
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Term
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Definition
the basic structural unit of an antibody.
4 polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bond |
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Term
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Definition
the basic structural unit of an antibody.
4 polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bond |
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Term
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Definition
| gives the antibody its uniqueness |
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Term
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Definition
| formed from the V regions of the heavy and light chain on each arm |
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Term
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Definition
| has the same amino acid sequence in all antibodies of a given class within |
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Term
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Definition
| Monomer in plasma, dimer in mucus, saliva, tears, milk, and intestinal secretion. prevents pathogen adherence to epithelia...provides passive immunity to newborns. |
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Term
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Definition
| monomer b cell transmembrane antigen receptor. Though to function in B cell activation by antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| monomer, transmembrane protein on basophils and mast cells. attracts eosinophils to parasitic infections. Produces immediate hypersensitivty |
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Term
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Definition
| monomer 80% of circulating antibodies. Crosses placenta to fetus, secreted in secondary immune response, complement fixation |
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Term
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Definition
| pentamer in plasma and lymph. Secreted in primary immunne response, agglutination, complement fixation |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA segments shuffled and form new combinations of base sequences to produce antibody genes |
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Term
Mechanisms to Render Antigens Harmless
Neutralization |
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Definition
| antibodies mask pathogenic region or antigen |
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Term
Mechanisms to Render Antigens Harmless
Complement Fixation |
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Definition
| antigens bind to igM or IgG antibody changes shape initiates complemet binding which leads to inflammation phagocytosis immune clearance or cytoysis. |
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Term
Mechanisms to Render Antigens Harmless
Agglutination |
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Definition
| antibody has 2 to 10 binding sites, they bind to multiple enemy cells immobilizing them from spreading |
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Term
Mechanisms to Render Antigens Harmless
Precipitation |
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Definition
| antibody binds antigen molecules; creates antigen-antibody complex that precipitates, phagocytized by eosinophils |
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Term
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Definition
| reaction brought about when a person is exposed to a particular antigen for the first time. |
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Term
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Definition
| level in the blood plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| leaves one with an immune memory of the antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs if person is reexposed to the same antigen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| immunity directed against a particular pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| when re-exposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is not noticeable illenss |
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Term
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Definition
| T cells. Lymphocytes directly attack and destroy foreign cells or diseased host cells. Rids the body of pathogens that reside inside human cells where antibodies cannot reach. Kills cells that harbor them. |
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Term
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Definition
| B cells, mediated antibodies that do not directly destroy a pathogen. Indirect attach wehre antibodies assult the pathogen. can only work against the extracellular stage of infectious microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Production of one's own antibodies or T cells as a result of infection or natural exposure to antigen |
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Term
| Artificial Active immunity |
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Definition
| production of ones own antibodies or T cells as a result of vacciation against disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of dead or attenuated (weakened) pathogens that stimulate the immune response without causeing the disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| periodic immunizations to stimulate immune memory to maintain a high level or protection |
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Term
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Definition
temporary immunity that results from antibodies prodeuced by another person.
--fetus acquires antibodies from mother through placenta. |
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Term
| Artificial passive immunity |
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Definition
temporary immunity that results from the injection immune serum (antibodies) from another person or animal.
--treatment for snakebite, botulism |
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Term
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Definition
any molecule that triggers an immune response
The immune system learns to distinguish self molecules from foreign molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| certain regions of an antigen molecule that stimulate immune response |
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Term
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Definition
Natural killer cells
t lymphocytes, b lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 stages in 2 anatomical stations in the body. Born in red bone marrow, mature in the thymus, emigrate to lymphatic organs |
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Term
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Definition
| thymosins stimulate maturing T cells to develop surface antigen receptors. With receptors in place t cells are now immunocomptent |
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Term
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Definition
| fetal stem cells in bone marrow develope into b cells, leaves bone marrow and colonize same lymphatic tissues and organs as t cells |
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Term
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Definition
| t cells cannot recognize antigens on their own. APC are required to help. |
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Term
| Major Histocompatibility complex proteins |
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Definition
| act as cell "ID tags" that label every cell of our body are "Yours" Structurally unique fro each individul, except for identical twins |
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Term
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Definition
| APC encounters antigen--internalizes it by endocytosis--digests it into fragments--displays fragments in grooves of MHC protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Killer t cells--effectors of cellular immunity carry out attack on enemy cells |
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Term
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Definition
| TH--help promote TC and b cell action and nonspecific resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| TR inhibits multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T cells, limit immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| TM descend from cytotoxic T cells. memory cell immunity |
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Term
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Definition
occur on every nucleated cell in the body, DO NOT elicit a t cell response
viral proteins do |
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Term
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Definition
| occure only on APCs and display only foreign antigens. TH cells respond |
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Term
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Definition
| kill cells in the same manner as nk cells |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit viral replication. recruit and activate macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
| aids in macrophage activation and kills caner cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell population that inhavits all organs and defends the body from agents of disease concentrated in the lymphatic system |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid continually filters from the blood capillaries into the tissue spaces |
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Definition
| fluid picks up foreign cells and chemicals from the tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| lacteals absorb dietary lipids in small intestine that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| the recovered fluid;clear and colorless; similar to plasma but much less protein |
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Definition
| transport the lymph penetrated nearly every tissue |
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Definition
| composed of aggregated of lymphocytes and macrophages that populate many organs in the body |
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Definition
| defense cells are especially concetrated in these organs |
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Term
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Definition
| right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| branched mobil apcs found in epidermis and mucouse membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| branched stationary fibroblast-like cells that contribute to the stroma |
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Definition
| simplest form, lymphocytes are scattereed rather than densely clustered |
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Term
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Definition
| dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages that congregate in response to pathogens |
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Definition
| dense clusters in the ileun, the distal portion of the small intestines |
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Term
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Definition
| red bone marrow and thymus |
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Term
| secondary lymphatic organs |
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Definition
| lymph nodes tonsils and spleen |
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Definition
| blood formation uses red bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| houses developing lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| most numerous lymphatic organs about 450 in young adults. Hilum. enclosed with fibrouse capsule with trebeula |
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Term
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Definition
| divided into cortex and medulla. |
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Term
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Definition
| where B cells multiply and differentiate into plasma cells |
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Term
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Definition
| deep and superficial group int the neck. Monitor lymph coming from head and neck |
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Definition
| concentrated in armpit. receive lymph from upper limb and female breast |
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Definition
| in thoracic cavity especially embedded in mediastinum. recieve lymp from mediastinum, lungs, and airway |
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Term
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Definition
| occur in posterior abdomino-pelvic wall. monitor lymph from the uninary and reproductive systems |
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Term
| intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes |
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Definition
| found in he mesenteries, adjacent to the appendix and intestines. Monitor lymph from the digestive tract! |
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Term
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Definition
| in the groin and receive lymph from the entire lower limb. |
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Term
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Definition
| occur on the back of the knee. receive lymph from the leg proper |
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Term
| Lymphadenitis or lymphadenopathy |
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Definition
| swollen painful node responding to foreign antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to pharynx. guard against ingested or inhaled pathogens. Tonsillar crypts. tonsillitis and tosillectomy |
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Term
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Definition
| pair at posterior margin or oral cavity. Most often infected;largest |
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Term
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Definition
| numerous and concentrated at root of tongue |
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Term
| pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) |
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Definition
| single tonsils on wall of nasopharynx |
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Term
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Definition
| the largst lymphatic organ |
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Term
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Definition
| parenchyma, sinuses filled with erythrocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| in parenchyma; lymphocytes, surrounds small branches of spelic artery |
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Term
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Definition
| blood prodcution in fetus, blood reservoir, RBC go to die, white pulp monitors blood for antigens |
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Term
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Definition
guards equally against a broad range of pathogens. Their effective ness does not depend on prior exposure.
ex; skin and mucous membranese |
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Term
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Definition
| specific defense because it results from prior exposure to a pathorgen |
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Term
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Definition
| external barriers such as skin and mucous membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| several nonspecific defense mechanisms..leukocytes and macrophages effective against broad range of pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| the immune system defeats pathogens and leaves the body with a MEMORY of it so it can be recognized for faster defeat int the future |
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Term
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Definition
| makes it mechanically difficult for microorganisms to enter the body, toughness of keratin, too dry and nutrient-poor to support microbial growth |
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Term
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Definition
| digestive respiratory urinary and reproductive tracts that are open to the exterior and protected by mucous membranes |
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Term
| subepithelial areolar tissue |
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Definition
| viscous barrier or hyaluronic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme used by pathogens to make hyaluronic acid less viscous |
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Term
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Definition
| a group for 30 or more globular proteins that make powerful contributions to both nonspecific resistance and specific immunity. synthesysezed by the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| a group for 30 or more globular proteins that make powerful contributions to both nonspecific resistance and specific immunity. synthesysezed by the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| an abnormal elevation of body temperature. an adaptive defense mechanism that dose more good than harm. promotes interferon activity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rever reduction medications by inhibitin PGE2 |
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Term
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Definition
| serious disorder in children younger than 15 following an acute viral infection such as chicken pox or the flu. swelling of the brain neurons. triggered by use of aspirin in childrrn to control fever |
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Term
| Four cardinal signs of inflammation |
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Definition
| redness, swelling, pain, het |
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Term
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Definition
| regulate inflammation and immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| increasing blood flow beyond normal rate is a way to get leukocytes quickly to the site |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| results from hyperemia and extravasatiated RBS in the tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| due to increasedfluid filtration from the capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| from direct injury to the nerves, pressure on the nerves from edema, stimulation of pain receptors by protaglandins bradykinin |
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Term
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Definition
| filters tissue fluid clots. Forms a sticky mesh that walls off mirobes |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents clotting at site |
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Term
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Definition
| attraction to chemicals such as bradykinin and leukotrienes that guide them to the injury site |
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