Term
| what is the pars interarticularis? |
|
Definition
| part of lamina between superior and inferior articular facets |
|
|
Term
| what are the major ligaments of the vertebral column? |
|
Definition
| anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum, interspinous ligaments, intertranserse ligaments, supraspinous ligament |
|
|
Term
| what are the iliolumbar ligaments? |
|
Definition
| strong group of ligaments that resist anterior shear force of L5 on S1 |
|
|
Term
| where does nucleus pulposis migrate in flexion? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how much weight do the facet joints bear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of joint are facet joints? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the axis for movement in the vertebral column? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the facet orientation in the lumbar spine? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| is there a more abrupt change in facet orientation from T-L or from C-T? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what motion do lumbar spine facets guide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the most flexion in the lumbar spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the superior lumbar facet move in flexion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what provides resistance to movement in the lumbar spine |
|
Definition
| facets capsule, annulus of disc, ligaments (PLL, supraspinous, etc.) |
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|
Term
| how much does lumbar spine flexion open the neural foramen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forces are on the disc in the lumbar spine during flexoin? |
|
Definition
| anterior compression, posterior tension |
|
|
Term
| where do we get most of our spine flexion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is the lower lumbar most prone to injury |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the superior vertebrae move in extension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you close the left lumbar spine? |
|
Definition
| extend, sidebend left, rotate right |
|
|
Term
| how do you close the right lumbar spine? |
|
Definition
| extend, sidebend right, rotate left |
|
|
Term
| what two motions always close no matter where you are in the vertebral column? |
|
Definition
| extension, sidebending towards |
|
|
Term
| how do you close in lumbar spine? |
|
Definition
| extend, sidebend toward, rotate away |
|
|
Term
| do you have more lordosis in standing or sitting? |
|
Definition
| more lordosis in standing |
|
|
Term
| what is the direction of the nucleus pulposis in standing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the PLL tighter or looser in standing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does it feel better to sit or stand if you have a herniated disc? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is lordosis reduced or increased in sitting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the nucleus pulposis directed in sitting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are the posterior ligaments tight or loose in sitting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what increases compressive forces on disc? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who does loading increase compressive force on iv discs? |
|
Definition
| greater force of gravity pulling down through your spine |
|
|
Term
| why does flexing increase disc pressure |
|
Definition
| COG shifts anteriorly, increasing external flexion moment by gravity which must be opposed by greater internal extension moment by erectors/lumbar extensors |
|
|
Term
| how to decrease compressive forces on spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the major lumbar flexor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is the rectus abdominis a good lumbar flexor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is L5 a transitional vertebrae? |
|
Definition
| wedge shaped, leads to anterior tilt of sacrum |
|
|
Term
| what increases the anterior shear force at the lumbo-sacral interaction? |
|
Definition
| increased lordosis, flexed posture |
|
|
Term
| how does increased lordosis increase anterior shear force? |
|
Definition
| increases lumbo-sacral angle |
|
|
Term
| how does flexed posture increase anterior shear force? |
|
Definition
| increased moment arm for anterior COG |
|
|
Term
| where do most disc ruptures occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the second most common place of disc ruptures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does anterior pelvic tilt cause? |
|
Definition
| hip flexion, lumbar lordosis (hyper extension) |
|
|
Term
| what does posterior pelvic tilt cause? |
|
Definition
| hip extension, lumbar straightening |
|
|
Term
| how does anterior pelvic tilt affect iv foramen? |
|
Definition
| increases lordosis and closes iv foramen |
|
|
Term
| how does posterior pelvic tilt affect iv foramen? |
|
Definition
| decreases lordosis and opens iv foramen |
|
|
Term
| what is lumbo-pelvic rhythm |
|
Definition
| pelvis, hips, lumbar spine all work together in movement |
|
|
Term
| what works together in forward flexion? |
|
Definition
| lumbar/trunk flexion, hip flexion, anterior pelvic tilt |
|
|
Term
| what are the effects of tight hip flexors |
|
Definition
| anterior pelvic tilt opposed by increased lumbar lordosis, which closes lumbar joints |
|
|
Term
| where can you have spinal stenosis |
|
Definition
| vertebral foramen or intervertebral foramen |
|
|
Term
| what causes spinal stenosis in vertebral foramen? |
|
Definition
| congenital or degenerative |
|
|
Term
| what causes intervertebral spinal stenosis? |
|
Definition
| osteophyte growth, disc herniation, inflamed nerve root |
|
|
Term
| what is the last result treatment for spinal stenosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does hypomobility affect hypermobility? |
|
Definition
| if a joint is hypomobile, nearby joints will become hypermobile |
|
|
Term
| is a hypermobile or hypomobile joint more likely to cause pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes hypermobility? |
|
Definition
| laxity of capsule/ligaments, muscular weakness, proximity to hypomobility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| performed to limit unstable motions, shifts forces to levels above and below, can lead to future fusions |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| defect in pars interarticularis like a stress fracture,unilateral, in people who do repeated extension |
|
|
Term
| what is spondylolisthesis? |
|
Definition
| bilateral stress fracture of pars interarticularis, causes body to slip anteriorly |
|
|
Term
| how is spondylolisthesis graded? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is spondylolisthesis most common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what drives vertebral body forward in spondylolisthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the result of spondylolisthesis? |
|
Definition
| lax ligaments and hypermobility |
|
|
Term
| what kinds of activities are painful if you have spondylolisthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is extension painful in spondylolisthesis? |
|
Definition
| compacting spinous processes, shifting them out of their normal alignment |
|
|
Term
| what is one side of the pelvis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the right and left inominate connections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 3 bones fuse together to make pelvis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the sacro-iliac joint? |
|
Definition
| articulation between sacrum and ilium |
|
|
Term
| where is the sacroiliac joint |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does SI joint change with age |
|
Definition
| mobile in children, less moble/more stable in adults |
|
|
Term
| what are the primary SI joint ligaments? |
|
Definition
| anterior sacroiliac ligament, interosseous ligament, short and long posterior sacroiliac ligaments |
|
|
Term
| what are the secondary SI joint ligaments? |
|
Definition
| sacrospinous, sacrotuberous |
|
|
Term
| how much rotation is in the SI joint |
|
Definition
| less than 2 deg of rotation |
|
|
Term
| how much translation is in the SI joint |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sacral flexion: base of sacrum tilts anteriorly relative to ilium or ilium tilts posteriorly relative to sacrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sacral extension: base of sacrum tilts posteriorly relative to ilium or ilium tilts anteriorly relative to sacrum |
|
|
Term
| about what axis does nutation/counternutation occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is anterior ilial tilt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is posterior ilial tilt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is close packed position for the SI joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forces stabilize the SI joint? |
|
Definition
| gravity, passive tension from stretched ligaments, muscle activation |
|
|
Term
| how does gravity stabilize SI joint? |
|
Definition
| COG is anterior to SI, causes sacrum to move anteriorly to ilium = nutation; also, hip compression force going up through body from floor is also anterior to sacrum pulling it into nutation |
|
|
Term
| how do ligaments support the SI joint? |
|
Definition
| ligaments are taut in nutation |
|
|
Term
| how do sacrotuberous and interosseous ligaments stabilize SI joint in dynamic loading? |
|
Definition
| they become taut and compress the joint |
|
|
Term
| what is the link between spine and pelvis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what muscles stabilize SI joint? |
|
Definition
| erector spinae, abdominals, biceps femoris, ilopsoas, rectus femoris |
|
|
Term
| how does erector spinae stabilize SI joint? |
|
Definition
| anterior tilt on sacrum = nutation |
|
|
Term
| how do abdominals and biceps femoris stabilize SI joint? |
|
Definition
| pull ilium posteriorly = nutatoin |
|
|
Term
| how do ilopsoas and rectus femoris make SI joint less stable? |
|
Definition
| anterior tilt on ilium = counternutatoin |
|
|
Term
| what happens to lumbar spine if you do a posterior pelvic tilt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to lumbar spine if you do an anterior pelvic tilt? |
|
Definition
| increase lordosis/hyperextension |
|
|
Term
| what landmarks can you palpate to get an indication of positional fault of joint dysfunction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the PSIS tell us? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the ASIS tell us? |
|
Definition
| if there is a rotation (if PSIS is higher on one side but ASIS is higher on the other side) or change in height (PSIS and ASIS both higher on the same side) |
|
|
Term
| what does the iliac tell us? |
|
Definition
| if there is a height difference |
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