What does MRS GREN stand for?

• Movement          - Excretion  
• Respiration        - Nutrition
• Sensitivity
• Growth
• Reproduction

What are the 5 different kingdoms?

1. Animals
2. Plants
3. Fungi
4. Protoctists
5. Bacteria

What are some features of the amimal kingdom?

• They are multicellular organisms.
• They have no cell wall.
• They have nervous coordination (are able to move from one place to another)
• Examples include: Mammals and insects.

What are the two main categories animals can be divided into?

Invertibrates and Vertibrates

What are the main animal families vertibrates can be divided into?

• Mammals
• Reptiles
• Birds
• Fish
• Amphibians

What are the key features of the plant kingdom?

What are the key features of the protoctists kingdom?

-Some like amoeba, that live in pond water have features like an animals, while others like chlorella have chloroplasts and are more like plants.

What are the key features of the fungi kingdom?

- They are not able to carry photosynthesis.

- They are made up of thread like

structures called hyphae.

- Their cell walls are made of chitin.

- They feed by secreting digestive enyzmes onto food material, this is called saprophytic nutrition.

- Examples include: Mucor, yeast and mushrooms

What are the key features of bacteria?

- They are microscopic uni - celled organisms.

- They don't have a nucleus but have a circular chromosone of DNA.

- Some bacteria can carry out photosynthesis but most feed off other living or dead organisms.

- Examples include: Pnemococus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus.

What are the key features of Viruses?

- They are small particles that are smaller than bacteria.

- They are parastitic and can reproduce only inside living cells.

- They infect every type of living organism

- They come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes.

- They have no cellular structure but have a protein coat and contain one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA.

- Examples include: Influenza, HIV.

Levels of Organisation

Orangelle

Cell

Tissues

Organs

Organ Systems

Organism

What are the main organs in the digestive system

Gullet, Stomach, Pancreas, Liver, Intestines

What are the mains organs of the excreatory system?

Kidneys, Ureters and bladder

What are the main organs of the nervous system?

Brain, Spinal cord, nerves.

What are the main organs in the reproductive system?

In Females: ovaries, oviducts, uterus and vagina

In Males: testes, sperm ducts, prostate gland and penis.

What are the differences between animal cells and plant cells?

- Cell Wall is only present in the plant cell.

- Animal cells vary in shape because they lack cell wall to keep shape whilst plant cells have a fixed shape due to the cell wall.

- Chloroplasts are only present in plant cells

- Plant cells have large vacuoles containing cell sap whilst animal cells have smaller ones containing no cell sap.

- Nucleus is present in both cells but in the plant cell it is found closer to the cell wall.

What are the functions of these cell structures?

Cell membrane - forms a barrier between

the cell and its surroundings

- allows simple substances to enter and leave the cell e.g oxygen, carbon dioxide and water.

Nucleus - controls all activities in the cell

- controls how cells develop.

Cytoplasm - place where many chemical reactions take place e.g respiration and making protein for the cell.

Cell Wall - stops cells from bursting when they fill with water.

- gives shape to cell.

- allows water and dissolved substances to pass through freely often described as freely or fully permeable)

Sap vacuole - full of water to maintain shape and 'firmness' of cell

- stores salts and organs.