What mythological identifications were made by Antony and Octavian, and why were they appropriate?  

What does Octavian initially use to win support?  

His name helps win them over (related to Julius Caesar) and also said he'd pay them

Got money from Caesar's war chest. 

What is the Res Gestae?  

"Things Done"

Augustus' epitaph recorded on 2 bronze tablets placed on pillars bfore his tomb. Copies throughout empire.

- emphasizes honors and his expenditures as a great benefactor

What was the senate’s policy towards Octavian when he first appeared on the political scene?   

Antony and senate underestimate Octavian. 

Don't want to give him his money. 

Oct offers to use his troops to help senate. 

Senate gives him big promises for his support (but the senate actually only "pats him on the head") 

Why was the Second Triumvirate more legitimate than the First Triumvirate?  

• Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian
• Unlike first, very informal
• Agreed to have 3 tyrants
• Implement proscriptions for revenge, profit
• enemies- Cicero
• killer gets a lot of money
• killed a lot of rich people to get their money
• packed senate and expanded magistracies for money
• created and increased taxes
• solicited "gifts" and "loans" from the wealthy
• seized land for vets

What Sullan practice did the triumvirs use to address problems of finance and control?

In which battle were Caesar’s assassins finally defeated, in which year was it fought, and who were the leaders of the assassins’ forces?

Caesar was made a god in 42

Antony and Octavian defeat Cassius and Brutus in 2 battles at Philippi in 42

Cassis commits suicide after the first battle, Brutus after the second

What sort of behavior did Octavian exhibit after this battle and after the fall of Perusia? What problems did Octavian face in Italy?

He was extremely angry and tortured many of his captives. 

Settled 100,000 veterans, land confiscation.

Financial demands on citizens

disrupted grain shipments

How did Antony lose favor in Rome during the 30s? 

How did Octavian gain favor?   

During the Perusian War (41) Sextus Pompey is defeated by Agrippa since Octavian fails twice. Agrippa has help from Antony who loans him 120 ships in turn for 20,000 men. But Agrippa only sends a few thousand and his sister, but since Antony likes Cleopatra he refuses her. This looks bad and Antony's public face is ruined. 

Octavian gained favor because ....

What sort of mythological propaganda did Cleopatra promote about herself? 

She used mythology in her propaganga

She refers to herself as Isis

According to Plutarch, what made Cleopatra attractive?  

In which battle did Octavian finally defeat Antony and Cleopatra, and in which year was it fought?

Battle of Actim (31)

2 interpretations

Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide in 30 

Be ready to identify Lepidus, Sextus Pompey, Octavia, Maecenas, and Agrippa.

Lepidus- removed in 36. 

Sectus Pompey- defeated in 36 by Agrippa

Octavia- sister of octavian. very poor treatment, divorce in 32

Maecenas- came to help Octavian during Perusian War. 

Cleaopatra- restored Efyt's finances through shred business dealings and trade agreements. 

On which official powers did Augustus rely to run the state?  

In the 30's:

Won many military victories that brought order to Italy.

Golden statue in forum proclaimed that order had been restore on land and sea.

ensured availability of cheap grain and reliable water.

How did Augustus improve on Julius Caesar's exercise of power?  

Carried out public works projects to improve city and provide jobs!

Restored temples and cults while promoting old-time values.

Finished building begun by his father: piatas and public places.

Made no effort to legitimize his power. Not an absolute ruler- not a rex!

What do the titles princeps and augustus mean?

27.

Augustus- revered, honorary name

Princeps short for princeps civitatis- "first man of the state"

What innovations did Augustus make for security and safety in Rome?  

Created urban cohorts and vigiles

cohorts- police

vigiles- firefighters/night watchmen

- 5000 of them 

- kept order of city

- no jailed, preferred punishment

praetorian guard- 4500 men, emperor's personal bodyguard

german horse guard- additional body guard of 1500 (really intense/crazy guards)

Be ready to identify maiestas, delatores, curiales, cursuspublicus, Res Gestae.  

Maiestas: the emperor now represented the state and it's people

Delatores: "informers"

Curiales: 

Cursuspublicus: 

Res Gestae: his epitaph. Interpretation of his life. 

What does Ward say about the “consumer” model of Rome [p. 277]? 

What were the goals of Augustus’ moral legislation, and what according to Ward diminished the effectiveness of these laws?

To curb immortality and to make babies. 

- penalties for not having babies

- rewards for having them 

- focused on the rich 

- "rule of 3"

- Augustus had 1

- his daughter was a slut and and was banished to an island

- he took her 2 daughters

How did Augustus associate himself with the past in his forum, his arch, and the AraPacis?  

he finishes buildings started by his father. 

ex- pietas and public works

his forum: 

- began 37, finished 2

- temple vowed on eve of Philippi (piestas)

- statues of Venus, Mars, and Divus Julius

- swords of caesar and standards of Crassus retrieved from Parthians

- hall of fame of republic and julio claudian family 

- combines old and new

Arch of Augustus:

- military, political, and family progaganda

- justifies present with past

Ara Pacis (altar of peace)

- reconstructed on present spot

- was ordered to be built as a place of annual sacrifice

What message do these structures convey about his regime and the Republic?   

Located in the center

- synthesis of old and new (greek antecedents adapted to express Roman history and ideals)

- promotes ideas of a dynasty, but puts dynasty within context of the Republic

What boast did Augustus make about his building program?

Bascilica Julia- lots of marble

"found Rome a city of brick, but left it one of marble"

What was the preferred sculptural style in the Augustan period?

classical but with depth, movement, human touches

- first appearence of children

There will be questions that ask you to associate the following works with the correct authors (or vice versa) and to know the basics of these works: 

Eclogues

Vergil (70-19)

- family's land threatened by Octavian's confiscations

"Eclogues"

- 10 short pastoral poems

- Greek genre adapted

- Idealization of country life

- contemporary issues sometimes appear: land confiscations, the "Messianic" prologue

Who was the patron of Vergil and Horace?  

What does Ward write about the relationship of this patron and Augustus with the poets in their circle and the writings of these poets [p. 290]?

There will be questions that ask you to associate the following works with the correct authors (or vice versa) and to know the basics of these works: 

Georgics

Also by Virgil

- Poetic farming manual (greek genre of didactic poetry)

- Celebration of the land and the virtues of working the land

There will be questions that ask you to associate the following works with the correct authors (or vice versa) and to know the basics of these works: 

Also Vergil

- The epic of the beginnings of the Roman race.

- Celebrated Rome's destiny and the virtues required to achieve that destiny, but also showed the human cost. 

- Unfinished at Vergil's death, he wanted it burned.

"Roman, remember by your strength to rule

  Earth’s peoples—for your arts are to be these:

  To pacify, to impose the rule of law

  To spare the conquered, battle down the proud."

  Aeneid 6.851-853

There will be questions that ask you to associate the following works with the correct authors (or vice versa) and to know the basics of these works:  

Odes

Horace (65-8)

- father was a freddman

- fought against Octavian at Philippi

- family land confiscated

- patronage of Maecenas frees him to write

- Early works in genres associated with freedom: iambic poetry and satire

The Odes

- four books in complicated greek lyric meters

- poems celebrate the good life of peace: wine, love, a warm fire on a winter night, the coming of spirit

"capre diem" and "aurea mediocritas"

- roman virtue and contemporary issues (Actium, moral legislation)

- connects religion and mortality with Rome's greatness

There will be questions that ask you to associate the following works with the correct authors (or vice versa) and to know the basics of these works:

Ab Urbe Condita

Livy (59 bc - 17 ad)

- born at Patavium, a city noted for stern morality

- wrote a history of Rome from the founding city up to 9 bc

- wrote in part to escape the troubles of his own times, in part to study Rome's rise to power

- shows the importance of traitional virtues and values in Rome's success

There will be questions that ask you to associate the following works with the correct authors (or vice versa) and to know the basics of these works:

Ovid (43 bc - 17 ad)

- Not affected by end of republic like Vergil and Horace

- known for poetry: Amores (love affairs) and Ars Amatoria (the art of love)

- manual for how to pick up women, except since they married so young... how to commit adultery!

greatest work: the Metamorphoses

- stories about changes in form from creation of the world to deification of Julius Caesar

- he was banished by Augustus in 8 ad. died in exile

What are the main problems of our sources for this time?  

- removed in time from events and people

- neither biography nor history were scientific genres; they were literature

- reliance on biased senatorial sources

- authors could be biased by personal experience

Know the dates of the reigns of the Julio-Claudian emperors.

Tiberius (14-37)

Sour and old: 55 at accession and was heir by default

Excellent administrator:

- diplomacy and shrewd use of military force 

- followed Augustus' policy not to expand empire

- spent money carefully

- cut taxes at Rome and in provinces

- closely supervised provinces

- left a LARGE surplus at end of reign

- seems to have at least tried to male the senate a partner in government

Treason Trials

- maistas and delatores

- ruins reign

- left rome in 26. lived in Capri 27 on 

Gaius 

37-41

- better known as Caligula= "little boots" (military boots)

- son of Germanicus

- Rome thought to be born again!

  ~ cuts taxed, spends money on games

  ~ recalls exiles, burns incriminating evidence, limits informers

- illness and madness

- spends money left by Tiberius 

- resorts to taxes, confiscations, treason trials, and other scandelous fundraisers

- said to have faked military action in Germany

- attempted invasion of Britain becomes a war with a great power

- backs an unusual political novice

- believes he's a god, not worshipped as god until after death

- the east worshipped their rulers

- Augustus introduced worship to rome to encourage unity and loyalty

- emporer's genius (disembodied motivating force of a man: creativity and procreation) and lares (protective spirits) of the imperial household worshipped

- Caligula either needed to make up for Tiberius' not being made a god, or he was influenced by eatern princes who he grew up with.. or he was just nuts

- murdered by praetorian tribune at age 29 in 41

Claudius  

41-54

- said to be found by Praetorians hiding behind a curtain

- claudius paid off Praetorian guard with HUGE donative (5x normal salary)

- bad precedent

- senate meanwhile was debating restoration of the republic... and debating...

- deformed and thought to be dumb but actually bright and becomes a scholar

Centralized Power

- took control of senate treasuries, vital services like the grain supply, personally heard court cases, curtailed what little power the senate had over provinces and army, used censorship to purge the senate and put in his own people including Gauls

- anything important he controlled

- set up privy council dominated by freedmen, more likely to be loyal

- resented by senators and equites (hence the negative tradition of his freddmen being corrupt and dominating him)

Public Works

- 2 aqueduct

- a new port, "Portus"

Aggressive Foreign Policy

Problematic Wives

- Agrippina ensures succession of her son by her first husband even though Claudius has a son

- she murders Claudius with mushrooms

Nero 

54-68

- most powerful person in the world at 17. people indulging him to increase their own power

- really wanted to be a musician or chariot driver

- controlled for 8 years by his mom, Burrus, and Seneca

- govt runs smoothly under Burus and Seneca

- provinces well governed, tax relief

- threats in Armenia and Britain dealt with 

- his mom, Burrus, and Seneca withdrew from public. had freer rein

Nero's Decline (62-68)

- Divorces/murders Octavia to Marry bitch Poppaea

- treason trials makes Nero paranoid. needs money

Fire of Rome (64)

- over half of city destroyed

- Nero rumored to have started the fire

- did a shitty job rebuilding

- Nero blames Christians for fire (first persecution

- (666=nero)

Performer

- dancer, singer, charioteer

Finances

- ruined. coinage debased= inflation

- Treason convictions included army commanders and successful generals

- army isn't getting paid. EXCUSE ME?!

Nero commits suicide in 68 after several armies revolt

Year of the Four Emperors 

68-69

- lack of heir led to first civil war in 100 years

- secret out: the emperor can be created somewhere other than in Rome

- Army support more important than the senate

Did any disasters or other important events occur during their reign?

Know the dates of the Flavian emperors

Vespasian: 69-79

Titus: 79-81

Domitian: 81-96

How did the first Flavian emperor try to prevent rebellions in the military?

Vespasian (69-79)

- proven military commander, didn't have to buy loyalty

- restores peace and order

- ends civil wars, the jewish war, and revolt of Julius Civilis

Army reforms

- strengthens borders, continues efforts to expand in Britain; annexes... something, to shorten German border

Fiscal Reforms

- restores finance of empire with smart spending, economy, and taxes

- did spend on infrastructure, education, and the arts

Other reforms

associated himself with Augustus: restored peace and founded a dynasty

- Temple of Peace: aka Forum of Peace or Forum of Vespasian

Policy towards Provincials

- ......

dies in 79 saying, "I think I'm becoming a god." lolol

What were the accomplishments of the second Flavian emperor?  

What marred his reign?  

Titus (79-81)

- ended the main phase of the Jewish War

- known for cruelty, still made a great emperor

- worst part was dying too soon

- 50,000 people awed at opening games of the Flavian Ampitheatre in 80

Marred Reign

- another fine, a plague

- most important: eruption of Mt. Vesuvius and detruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum (24-25 of August 79)

What were the accomplishments of the last Flavian emperor? 

What marred his reign?  

Domitian (81-96)

- kept in background by father and brother

- plotted against his brother

- his role model was Tiberius

Power

- 17 consulships

- censor for life

- appeared before senate in triumphal garb (purple toga)

- liked to be addressed as Dominus et Deus

- finished building what his father and brother started

- had to rebuild Rome after fire of 80

- Domitian's palace: huge complex that would remain the emperor's residence for the rest of Roman history

- promoted non-violent competitions

- had some violent shows

- handed out money to the people, raised army's pay

- had rigorous tax collection, sound administration of city/empire, and of course treason trials

Religion

- very concerned since he was a god

- enforced conservative, moral behavior

- revived old punishment for unchaste Vestal Virgins

- hostile towards foreign cults

End of Dacian War 85-89

- shameful compromise

- paid a subsidy to Decebalus, the Dacian king, and provided engineers for roads and fortresses

- in return Decebulus became a faithful client king and roman captives?

- also allowed Domitian to put down Saturninus in 89 and to fight off threatening Germanic tribes in 92-93

- Decebalus remained loyal and the border remained peaceful until Tojan initiated a bloody war of conquest, 101-106

- after the Saturninus revolts, Domitian became increasingly paranoid (treason trials)

- assinated in 96

- left empire in good financial shape

What was the approximate size of a legion, cohort, century?  

Legion: 5500 men, must be citizens, subdivided into cohorts and centuries. Subdivided into cohorts.

Cohort: basic tactical unit; century basic unit. About 50% of armed forces

Total number of legions varied: 25 under augustus, 30 under Trajan

What was the Praetorian Guard?  Numeri?  

PG: Body guards used by roman emperors

Numeri: "number", another unit of the army. not integrated with legions

What symbol represented the legion?  

Beyond disgrace, why was the loss of this a problem?  

What was a donative?  

How did auxiliary and naval service compare to army service?  

Auxilaries: same # as legions, originally non-citizens, then accepted. fill gaps of infantry, later adopted into legions (legions adopted their pants)

Navy: inferior service under control of army, couldn't be at sea long. Not limited to sea. Duties: transport troops, support land, suppress piracy. Not paid well, long terms. 

basically army was more important. paid better. shorter terms. 

What was the probatio?  

interview held by governor

Were there any requirements or restrictions for someone enlisting as a legionnaire?

- letter of introduction

- clear eyes, good health

- noted distinguishing marks

- 5'8-5'10

- receive posting and travel money

- took military oath to emperor

- 400: military mark (branding)

Be ready for a question about the legionary camp.  

training: had to march 20 miles in 5 hours, jumping, swimming, 40lb packs, trained with heavy weapons

learned to move, set up camp, move, etc. (unique to the Romans)

Know the basics of the following ranks: legatus, tribune, praefectus castrorum, centurion.   

Legatus: commander of legion and overall command senator of praetatorian status in 30's at least. not a professional soldier,hand picked from emperor

Tribune: senior tribune was civilian without much experience and had senator rank. 2nd in command of legion and would take over is legatus couldn't.

Praefectus castorum: 3rd in command. 40-60 yrs old. promoted centurion maintenance and organization of camp. 

Centurion: officially an officer but more used for discipline. promoted after 12 yrs of service. 

Be prepared to identify the following: military mark, immunes, ballista, testudo, decimatio, fustuarium, phalerae and torques.

military mark: branding of soldiers

immunes: didn't have to do hard labor. specialists. 

ballista: big intense crossbow

testudo: overlapping shields

decimatio: entire unit disbanded in disgrace if they were caught. 1 and 10 would be disbanded then the rest would have some sort of punishment. 

fustuarium: beaten to death from fellow soldiers

phalerae: disks worn on chest

torques: necklace celtic symbol of authority

Know basic information on the equipment and weapons of a legionnaire.  

stabbing sword

rounded shield

40 lb packs

What was the length of service for a regular legionnaire before he was discharged?  

What did an auxiliary receive when he was discharged?  

What was the army's policy on marriage?   

not permitted, still had lady friends.

197 finally permitted.

According to Aldrete what was required for a triumph? 

How was the triumphator dressed and made up?  

crown

purple fancy toga

road in a four horse chariot

What limit was placed on triumphs during the empire?