Term
| When did the nomadic Turkish and Mongol people overrun settled societies and set up transregional empires? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did nomads in central Asia adapt to their dry environment? |
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Definition
- herded sheep, horses, cattle, goats,camels
- used animals for food, clothing, shelter, tools, food
- migrated according to seasons
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Term
| What are some common traits that nomadic societies had? |
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Definition
-did not faciliate specialized labor
-had two social classes, commoners and nobles
-based on shamanism
-developed a written script |
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Term
| How were Turkish clans able to expand their power? |
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Definition
| By joining klans together to form a confederation and recognizing one person as a "khan" |
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Term
| Where did Saljuq Turks establish their authority? |
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Definition
- first settled on the border of Persia
- captured Baghdad in the 11th century
- took Syria and Palestine
- captured Anatolia after defeating Byzantines at Manzikert in 1071
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Term
| What impact did the Turkish Ghaznavids have on Afghanistan and northern India? |
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Definition
| Led by Mahmud of Ghazni, they controlled lands in N. India setting up the Sultanate of Delhi, opposed Hinduism and Buddhism, and established Islam |
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Term
| Once Temujin became "Genghis Khan" or universal ruler, what did he do to protect his power in the Mongol Empire he controlled? |
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Definition
- created non-tribal military units
- chose leaders on the basis of personality, not tribal connections
- set up a capital at Karakorum
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Term
| How did he use his strong army to conquer the empire? |
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Definition
- He attacked Turkish people ruling in Tibet and Persia
- defeated North China and set up a Mongol capital at Khanbaliq
- overran Persia, sacked its cities, slaughtered thousands, destroyed its qanat system
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Term
What happened to Genghis Khan's empire after he died?
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Definition
- His heirs divided his empire
- "Great Khans" ruled China
- descendants of Chagatai ruled central Asia
- the khans of the Golden Horde ruled Russia
- ilkhans ruled in Persia
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Term
| What dynsaty did Kublai Khan establish in China? |
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Definition
| He attacked the Southern Song and established the Yuan dynasty in China in 1279. |
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Term
| What happened when Kublai Khan tried to invade Japan in 1274 and 1281? |
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Definition
- both times storms stopped the invasions
- the Japanese called the storms "kamikaze"
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Term
| What empire did Hulegu overrun and what city did he capture in 1258? |
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Definition
| He overran the Abbasid empire and captured Baghdad in 1258. |
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Term
| How did the Mongols rule in Persia? |
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Definition
- Mongols had the highest positions, but Persians served in lower positions.
- Mongol leaders assimilated Persian culture.
- Mongols converted to Islam in 1295, and sparked massacres of Christians and Jews.
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Term
| How did the Mongols rule in China? |
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Definition
- Did not assimilate into Chinese society
- dismantled the Confucian education system
- brought in foreigners to help administer China
- tolerated religions.
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Term
| How did the Mongols enhance Eurasian interaction? |
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Definition
| They set up a courier system for government, secured trade routes, maintained diplomatic relations, and resettled people who had certain skills and crafts. |
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Term
| What caused Mongol power in Persia to collapse? |
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Definition
| Economic problems and the issuance of paper money that people refused to accept; the ilkhanate collapsed in 1335. |
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Term
| What economic and political problems did the Mongol leaders experience in China? |
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Definition
- lack of gold bullion
- Chinese people rebelled
- rival factions amongst the Mongols fought for control
- epidemic disease in China weakened the dynasty
- Mongols withdrew in 1368
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Term
| What was the impact of the Turkish conqueror, Tamerlane (1336 - 1405), on central Asia after the fall of the Mongols? |
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Definition
| He conquered Persia and Afghanstan, invaded India, and built an imperial capital at Samarkand. |
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Term
| What was the impact of the Ottoman Turks after the death of Tamerlane? |
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Definition
- in the 1440s began to expand into Byzantine territory
- in 1453, Sultan Mehmed II captured Constantinople
- using Istanbul as a base, gained control of Greece, the Balkans, SW Asia, SE Europe, Egypt, N. Africa
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