Term
| What are the dates of the High Middle Ages? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the Holy Roman Empire? |
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Definition
- An organization of German kingdoms, principalities, duchies, and feudal estates that had a loose allegiance to the person holding the title of Holy Roman Emperor.
- it also included lands in N. Italy.
- It was an effort to recreate and reclaim the power and unity of the Ancient Roman Empire.
- It lasted from 962 to 1806.
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Term
| Why was there tension between Popes and the German Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire in the Middle Ages? (2 part answer) |
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Definition
- The issue of Lay Investiture caused conflict because Emperors wanted to appoint bishops and archbishopsbut the church said they couldn't.
- They also argued over imperial intervention in Italy.
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Term
| What was the Capetian Kings' impact on France from the late 10th century to the early 14th century? |
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Definition
- They were the kings of France from 987 to 1328.
- They brought more land in France under the power of the French king's, thereby weakening the power of the feudal lords.
- They gained the right to dispense justice in their lands.
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Term
| Why was Duke William of Normandy significant to England? |
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Definition
- Duke William of Normandy conquered England in the Battle of Hastings in 1066, and became the first Norman King of England.
- He also created the Domesday Book as a record of all of the taxable property in England.
- He also said that everyone was loyal to him, before any other feudal obligation.
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Term
| How was Italy geographically divided during the Middle Ages? |
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Definition
- Popes controlled the Papal States in central Italy.
- N. Italian city-states like Florence, Bologna, Genoa, Milan, and Venice, ruled themselves.
- Southern Italy and the island of Sicily were ruled by Robert Guiscard of Normandy. (Sicily had at one time been Muslim ruled)
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Term
| Which two countries did Muslims and Christians fight over? |
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Definition
- Spain and Portugal
- Portugal freed itself from Muslim control first.
- By the late 13th century Christians were in control of most of the Iberian Peninsula and Muslims would only retain control over Granada.
- The conquest of the Moors in Spain became known as the Reconquista.
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Term
| How did European agriculture become more advanced? |
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Definition
- It became more advanced with the use of new crops, watermills, and heavy plows.
- By keeping more domestic animals the food supply increased and animals provided fertilizer.
- New inventions such as the horse collar and the horseshoe also increased production.
- Mediterranean lands grew new crops that they learned about from Muslims; durum wheat, rice, spinach, lemons, limes, oranges, melons.
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Term
| How did an increase in food supply affect Western Europe? |
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Definition
- Population increased and specialization of labor increased.
- Trade and towns grew.
- New cities like Venice in Italy and Bergen in Norway appeared.
- N. Italy and Flanders became major urban centers, profiting from the wool trade.
- Counts in Champagne, France sponsored trade fairs.
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Term
| Why was Italy the center of trade in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages? |
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Definition
- Italy was the center of trade because it had an ideal location for trade with Byzantine and Muslim merchants.
- Italian merchants set up large communities in ports and cities throughout the Mediterranean and Black Seas.
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Term
| What was the Hanseatic League? |
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Definition
- The Hanseatic League was an association of trade in Northern European cities extending from Novgorod to London.
- They traded goods that included grain, fish, furs, timber, and pitch.
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Term
| What are two examples of sophisticated business practices that emerged in Europe in the High Middle Ages? |
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Definition
| Europeans began to use letters of credit and formed partnerships so as to share the risk of business. |
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Term
| What were the three main estates in medieval Europe? |
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Definition
| The Clergy, the Nobles, and the Peasants. |
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Term
| How did the code of chivalry influence the aristocrats? |
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Definition
- At first chivalry focused on the conduct of warriors.
- Women would change the focus to one of romantic love and respect for womanhood.
- Troubadours sang songs that reflected romantic values.
- Chivalry would create a more refined society.
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Term
| What new commoner class emerged that did not include peasants? |
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Definition
- Merchants, craftsmen, and professionals made up this new class.
- They formed guilds that protected trade and served as social agencies.
- They were the new middle class.
- They would work with kings to end feudalism.
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Term
| What role did women play in the Middle Ages? |
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Definition
- Peasant women did household chores.
- Women who lived in towns worked with men; they could join guilds, but they still had subordinate roles.
- Noblewomen helped manage their households and looked after the needs of servants and peasants on their estates.
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Term
| What was the focus of learning in the cathedral schools? |
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Definition
| They focused on Latin, the liberal arts of literature and philosophy, and study of the Bible and other associated writings. |
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Term
| What led to the formation of universities? |
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Definition
- Universities were formed from guilds made up of students and teachers.
- One of the earliest universities was in Bologna, Italy.
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Term
| How did the teachings of Aristotle influence the culture of European scholars? |
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Definition
- They led to the emergence of the philosophy of Scholasticism, a movement that sought to reconcile faith and reason.
- This type of philosophy was led by Saint Thomas Aquinas.
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Term
| What beliefs and rituals gave order and meaning to European lives? |
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Definition
| The 7 sacraments of the Catholic Church, including the Eucharist, devotion to saints and their relics, and pilgrimages gave order and meaning to European lives. |
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Term
| What two groups of people rejected the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages? |
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Definition
- The Waldensians believed that the Catholic Church was immoral and corrupt, and that lay people could administer the sacraments.
- The Cathars (Albigensians) saw the world as a battleground of good and evil, and that matter was evil.
- The Albigensians were crushed in a crusade called for by Pope Innocent III.
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Term
| How did the Catholic Church spread its authority across Europe? |
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Definition
- Military-relgious orders like the Teutonic Knights, the Templars, and Hospitallers fought pagans and Muslims to spread Christianity.
- From the 12th through 14th centuries Sweden and Finland apopted Christianity.
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Term
| What happened in the Reconquista? |
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Definition
| Catholics would recapture Spain after the Muslims had control of it. |
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Term
| Explain what happened during the Crusades. |
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Definition
| Pope Urban II preached the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont in 1095; it was the only successful Crusade. Europeans established Crusader States, but they were quickly recaptured. In 1144, Turks captured Edessa, and in 1187, the Muslim leader Saladin captured Jerusalem. In the Fourth Crusade, European knights attacked the Christian city of Constantinople. Finally, the Muslims recaptured all of the Holy Lands by 1291. |
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Term
| How did the Crusades affect life in Europe? |
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Definition
- Europeans learned from Muslim scholars.
- Euro. merchants traded with Muslim merchants.
- Europeans learned about "Arabic" numbers.
- Europeans learned to make paper.
- Europeans learned about new foods like spices, coffee, and granulated sugar.
- Europeans had a taste for luxuries and so trade was stimulated.
- Eventually, European merchants wanted to bypass Muslim middlemen in trade.
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