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| Chemicals, cells tissues,organ,s organ systems,whole oranisms |
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| promotes continued activity in a system |
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| toward belly or front surface |
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| farther from point of orgin |
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| from front to back dividing the body in to right and left parts |
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| horizontally, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts |
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| contains crainal and spinal cavities for brain and spinal cord |
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1-thoracic cavity divided from abdominal cavity by diaphragm,
containes heart and lungs.
mediastinum - space between lungs and the organs contained in that space.
2- Abdominopelvic upper region containing stomach most of intestine ,pancreas,liver,spleen and others. Plevic- lower region containing reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and rectum. |
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| positively charged particals in the nucleus |
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| non-charged particals in the nucleus |
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| Negatively charged particals in a nucleus |
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| combinations of 2 or more atoms |
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| substances composed of diffrent elements |
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| Solvent, stable, essential for metabolism |
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| maintains the constant Ph of a solution |
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| starches made of simple sugars |
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| Fats & steroids made of gycerol and fatty acids |
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| Structural materials and enzymes made of amino acids |
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| all the chemical reactions to sustain life- including catabolism- the breakdown of complex substances and rekease of energy from nutrients anabolism - the building back up of bady materials |
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| Outer layer of the cell-Outer covering of a cell; regulates what enters and leaves cell; |
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Short extensions of the cell membrane
Absorb materials into the cell |
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Large, dark-staining organelle near the center of the cell, composed of DNA and proteins
Contains the chromosomes, the hereditary units that direct all cellular activities |
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Small body in the nucleus; composed of RNA, DNA, and protein
Makes ribosomes |
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Colloidal suspension that fills the cell from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane
Site of many cellular activities; consists of cytosol and organelles |
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The fluid portion of the cytoplasm
Surrounds the organelles |
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Network of membranes within the cytoplasm. Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it; smooth ER does not.
Rough ER sorts proteins and forms them into more complex compounds; smooth ER is involved with lipid synthesis |
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Small bodies free in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER; composed of RNA and protein
Manufacture proteins |
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Definition
Large organelles with folded membranes inside
Convert energy from nutrients into ATP |
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Definition
Layers of membranes
Makes compounds containing proteins; sorts and prepares these compounds for transport to other parts of the cell or out of the cell |
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Definition
Small sacs of digestive enzymes
Digest substances within the cell |
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Definition
Membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes
Break down harmful substances |
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Definition
Small membrane-bound sacs in the cytoplasm
Store materials and move materials into or out of the cell in bulk |
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Definition
Rod-shaped bodies (usually two) near the nucleus
Help separate the chromosomes during cell division |
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| move the fluids around the cell |
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—DNA and RNA
Composed of nucleotides
Each nucleotide has sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
Nitrogen bases vary, giving five nucleotides |
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Definition
Carries the genetic message
Located almost entirely in the nucleus
Composed of nucleotides containing adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T)
Double stranded by pairing of A-T, G-C, and wound into helix |
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Term
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Definition
Carries the genetic message
Located almost entirely in the nucleus
Composed of nucleotides containing adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T)
Double stranded by pairing of A-T, G-C, and wound into helix |
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Definition
Single strand of nucleotides containing A, G, C, or uracil (U)
Located in the cytoplasm
Translates DNA message into proteins
Three types
Messenger RNA (mRNA)—transcribes the message of the DNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)—makes up the ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis
Transfer RNA (tRNA)—brings amino acids to be made into proteins |
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Definition
forms the sex cells (egg and sperm)
Divides the chromosome number in half |
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Definition
—division of somatic (body) cells
Chromosomes first replicate (double) during interphase
Division of cell into two identical daughter cells |
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Definition
| prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
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Definition
| the doubled strands of DNA return to their tightly wound spiral organization and become visible under the microscope as dark, threadlike chromosomes. The nucleolus and the nuclear membrane begin to disappear. In the cytoplasm, the two centrioles move toward opposite ends of the cell and a spindle-shaped structure made of thin fibers begins to form between them. |
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Definition
| the chromosomes line up across the center (equator) of the cell attached to the spindle fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| the centromere splits and the duplicated chromosomes separate and begin to move toward opposite ends of the cell. |
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Definition
| a membrane appears around each group of separated chromosomes, forming two new nuclei. |
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Definition
Movement of solute particles from area of lower concentration to area of higher concentration
Requires transporters
Endocytosis—movement of bulk amounts of material into the cell in vesicles
Phagocytosis—engulfing of large particles
Pinocytosis—intake of fluid droplets
Exocytosis—movement of bulk amounts of materials out of the cell in vesicles |
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Definition
Diffusion—molecules move from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration
Osmosis—diffusion of water through semipermeable membrane
Osmotic pressure—measure of a solution's tendency to draw in water
Filtration—movement of materials through plasma membrane under mechanical force
Facilitated diffusion—movement of materials with aid of transporters in plasma membrane |
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Heredity
Chemicals—carcinogens
Ionizing radiation
Physical irritation
Diet
Viruses |
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Definition
covers surfaces; lines cavities, organs, and ducts
Cells—squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Arrangement—simple or stratified
Special functions
Produces secretions, e.g., mucus, digestive juices, sweat
Filters impurities using cilia
Glands—active cells are epithelial cells
Exocrine
Secrete through ducts
Examples: digestive glands, tear glands, sweat and oil glands of skin
Endocrine
Secrete into body fluids and bloodstream
Produce hormones |
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Definition
—supports, binds, forms framework of body
Circulating—fluid matrix; travels in vessels
Blood
Lymph
Generalized—widely distributed; not specialized
Loose—cells and fibers in semiliquid matrix
Areolar—in membranes, around vessels and organs, under skin
Adipose—stores fat; insulation, padding, energy reserve
Dense—has many fibers (e.g. collagenous, elastic) made by fibroblasts
Irregular—fibers not organized; in membranes, capsules
Regular—fibers in parallel alignment; in tendons, ligaments
Elastic—fibers can stretch and return to shape; in vocal cords, respiratory passageways, blood vessel walls
Structural—mainly associated with skeleton
Cartilage
Strong and flexible
Cushions and absorbs shock
Produced by chondrocytes
Types
Hyaline—covers ends of bones, makes up tip of nose, reinforces larynx and trachea
Fibrocartilage—in certain joints
Elastic—in outer ear, larynx |
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Definition
—contracts to produce movement
Types
Skeletal muscle—voluntary; moves skeleton
Cardiac muscle—involuntary; forms main part of the heart
Smooth muscle—involuntary; forms visceral organs |
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Term
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Definition
Neuron—nerve cell
Cell body—contains nucleus
Dendrite—fiber carrying impulses toward cell body
Axon—fiber carrying impulses away from cell body
Myelin—fatty material that insulates some axons
Myelinated fibers—make up white matter
Unmyelinated cells and fibers—make up gray matter
Neuroglia—support and protect nervous tissue |
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Definition
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Definition
—outer layer epithelium
Serous membrane—secretes watery fluid
Parietal layer—lines body cavity
Visceral layer—covers internal organs
Examples—pleurae, pericardium, peritoneum
Mucous membrane
Secretes mucus
Lines tube or space that opens to the outside (e.g., respiratory, digestive, reproductive tracts)
Cutaneous membrane—skin |
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Definition
Synovial membrane—lines joint cavity
Meninges—around brain and spinal cord
Fascia—under skin and around muscles
Pericardium—around heart; periosteum— around bone; perichondrium—around cartilage |
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Definition
| Symptoms of cancer—bleeding, persistent indigestion, hoarseness or cough, change in mole, lump, nonhealing sore, pain, weight loss |
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Definition
Microscopic study (biopsy to obtain specimen), ultrasound, CT, MRI, PET
Also blood tests for markers, genetic tests
Staging—classification based on size of tumor and extent of invasion |
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Definition
| membranes line the walls of body cavities and are folded back onto the surface of internal organs, forming their outermost layer. |
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Definition
| line tubes and other spaces that open to the outside of the body. |
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Definition
| glands secrete not through ducts, but directly into surrounding tissue fluid. Most often the secretions are then absorbed into the bloodstream, which carries them throughout the body. These secretions, called hormones, have effects on specific tissues known as the target tissues. Endocrine glands have an extensive network of blood vessels. These so-called ductless glands include the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, |
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Term
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Definition
| glands have ducts or tubes to carry secretions away from the gland. The ducts may carry the secretions to another organ, to a cavity, or to the body surface. These substances act in a limited area near their source. Examples of exocrine glands include the glands in the gastrointestinal tract that secrete digestive juices, the sebaceous (oil) glands of the skin, and the lacrimal glands that produce tears. These and other exocrine glands are discussed in the chapters on specific systems. |
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Definition
| surface layer of the skin |
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Definition
Part of epidermis
Produces new cells
Melanocytes produce melanin—dark pigment |
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Definition
part of the epidermis
Surface layer of dead cells
Contain keratin |
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Definition
Deeper layer of the skin
Has blood vessels and accessory structures |
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Definition
Under the skin
Made of connective tissue and adipose (fat) tissue |
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Definition
sweat) glands
Eccrine type
Control body temperature
Widely distributed
Vent directly to surface
Apocrine type
Respond to stress
In armpit and groin
Excrete through hair follicle |
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Definition
STRUCTURES OF THE SKIN
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Release sebum—lubricates skin and hair |
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Definition
| Grow from nail matrix at proximal end |
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Definition
Develop in hair follicle (sheath)
Active cells at base of follicle |
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Definition
Protection against infection—barrier
Protection against dehydration—keratin and sebum waterproof skin
Regulation of body temperature—blood supply and sweat glands
Collection of sensory information—receptors in skin
Other activities of the skin—absorption, excretion, manufacture of vitamin D |
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Definition
Color
Pigment—mainly melanin, also carotene, hemoglobin
Discoloration—pallor, flushing, cyanosis, jaundice, poisoning
Lesions—wound or local damage
Surface lesions (rash, eruption)
a. Macule (spot), papule (firm, raised), vesicle (blister), pustule (pus-filled)
Deeper lesions
b. excoriation (scratch), laceration (tear), ulcer (sore), fissure (crack)
Burns
Evaluated by depth of damage and amount of body surface area (BSA) involved
Sunburn—risk factor in skin cancer and causes premature skin aging |
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Definition
Main functions
Serve as body framework
Protect organs
Serve as levers for movement
Store calcium salts
Form blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
Diaphysis—shaft
Epiphysis—end |
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Definition
Red—in spongy bone, makes Red blood cells
Yellow—in central cavity of long bones made mostley of fat |
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Definition
Compact—in shaft of long bones; outside of other bones
Spongy (cancellous)—in end of long bones; center of other bones |
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Definition
—contain bone-forming cells
Periosteum—covers bone
Endosteum—lines marrow cavity |
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Definition
cells
Osteoblasts—bone-forming cells
Osteocytes—mature bone cells that maintain bone
Osteoclasts—cells that break down (resorb) bone; derived from monocytes, types of white blood cells
Formation of a long bone—begins in center of shaft and continues at epiphyseal plate |
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Term
| (amphiarthrosis) Cartilaginous joint |
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Definition
Slightly movable
No joint cavity; cartilage between bones
Pubic symphysis; joints between vertebral bodies |
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Term
(synarthrosis)
fibrous joint |
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Definition
Immovable (synarthrosis)
No joint cavity; fibrous connective tissue between bones
Sutures between skull bones |
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Term
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Definition
Freely movable
Joint cavity containing synovial fluid
Gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket joints |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| joint. The bones in this type of joint have a potential space between them called the joint cavity, which contains a small amount of thick, colorless fluid. This lubricant, ________ fluid, resembles uncooked egg white (ov is the root, meaning “egg”) and is secreted by the membrane that lines the joint cavity. The synovial joint is freely movable and is termed a diarthrosis (di-ar-THRO-sis). Most joints are _______ joints; |
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Term
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Definition
| The bones in this type of joint are connected by cartilage. Examples are the joint between the pubic bones of the pelvis—the pubic symphysis—and the joints between the bodies of the vertebrae. This type of joint is slightly movable and is termed an amphiarthrosis (am-fe-ar-THRO-sis). |
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Term
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Definition
| The bones in this type of joint are held together by fibrous connective tissue. An example is a suture (SU-chur) between bones of the skull. This type of joint is immovable and is termed a synarthrosis (sin-ar-THRO-sis). |
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Term
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Definition
| endoscope used to examine and repair joints |
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Term
BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON
Framework of the skull |
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Definition
Framework of the skull
Cranium—frontal, parietal, temporal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital
Facial bones—mandible, maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, palatine, inferior nasal conchae
Other—ossicles (of ear), hyoid
Infant skull—fontanels (soft spots) |
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Term
BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON
Framework of the Trunk |
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Definition
Vertebral column—divisions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
Curves
Thoracic and sacral—concave, primary
Cervical and lumbar—convex, secondary
Thorax
Sternum—manubrium, body, xiphoid process
Ribs
True—first seven pairs
False—remaining five pairs, including two floating ribs |
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Term
| BONES OF THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON |
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Definition
Upper division
Shoulder girdle—clavicle, scapula
Upper extremity—humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Lower division
Pelvic bones—os coxae (hip bone): ilium, ischium, pubis
Female pelvis lighter, wider, more rounded than male
Lower extremity—femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges |
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Term
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Definition
The aging process includes significant changes in all connective tissues, including bone. There is a loss of calcium salts and a decrease in the amount of protein formed in bone tissue. The reduction of collagen in bone and in tendons, ligaments, and skin contributes to the stiffness so often experienced by older people. Muscle tissue is also lost throughout adult life. Thus, there is a tendency to decrease the exercise that is so important to the maintenance of bone tissue.
Changes in the vertebral column with age lead to a loss in height. Approximately 1.2 cm (about 0.5 inches) are lost each 20 years beginning at 40 years of age, owing primarily to a thinning of the intervertebral disks (between the bodies of the vertebrae). Even the vertebral bodies themselves may lose height in later years. The costal (rib) cartilages become calcified and less flexible, and the chest may decrease in diameter by 2 to 3 cm (about 1 inch), mostly in the lower part. |
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Term
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Definition
Found in Wall of hollow organs, vessels, respiratory passageways
Cells Tapered at each end, branching networks, nonstriated |
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Term
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Definition
| In the wall of the heart. cells Branching networks; special membranes (intercalated disks) between cells; single nucleus; lightly striated |
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Term
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Definition
attached to bones
Long and cylindrical; multinucleated; heavily striated |
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Term
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Definition
| In forming whole muscles, individual muscle fibers are arranged in bundles, or fascicles (FAS-ih-kls), held together by fibrous connective tissue (Fig. 8-1, Table 8-2). The deepest layer of this connective tissue, the endomysium (en-do-MIS-e-um) surrounds the individual fibers in the fascicles. Around each fascicle is a connective tissue layer known as the perimysium (per-ih-MIS-e-um). The entire muscle is then encased in a tough connective tissue sheath, the epimysium (ep-ih-MIS-e-um), which forms the innermost layer of the deep fascia, the tough, fibrous sheath that encloses a muscle. (Note that all these layers are named with prefixes that describe their position added to the root my/o, meaning “muscle.”) All of these supporting tissues merge to form the tendon, the band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone (see Fig. 8-1). |
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Term
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Definition
| Around each individual muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| Around fascicles (bundles) of muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| Around entire muscle; forms the innermost layer of the deep fascia |
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Term
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Definition
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
Point where nerve fiber stimulates muscle cell
Neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (ACh) (1) Generates an action potential
Motor end plate—membrane of muscle cell at NMJ
Contraction—sliding together of filaments to shorten muscle
Actin—thin and light
Myosin—thick and dark with projecting heads
Role of calcium—uncovers binding sites so cross-bridges can form between actin and myosin |
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Term
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Definition
ATP—supplies energy
Myoglobin—stores oxygen
Glycogen—stores glucose
Creatine phosphate—stores energy
Oxygen consumption
Oxygen debt—develops during strenuous exercise
Anaerobic metabolism
Yields lactic acid—causes muscle fatigue
Recovery oxygen consumption
Removes lactic acid
Replenishes reserved compounds |
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Term
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Definition
Changes in structure and function of muscle cells
Vasodilation brings blood to tissues
Heart strengthened
Breathing improved |
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Term
| Types of muscle contractions |
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Definition
Tonus—partially contracted state
Isotonic contractions—muscle shortens to produce movement
Isometric contractions—tension increases, but muscle does not shorten |
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Term
| MECHANICS OF MUSCLE MOVEMENT |
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Definition
Attachments of skeletal muscles
Tendon—cord of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Origin—attached to more fixed part
Insertion—attached to moving part
Aponeurosis—broad band of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone or other muscle |
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Term
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Definition
Prime mover—performs movement
P.183
Antagonist—produces opposite movement
Synergist—steadies body parts and assists prime mover |
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Term
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Definition
Spasms and injuries
Spasm—sudden painful contraction
Strains—overuse injuries
Sprains—tearing of ligament
Atrophy—wasting |
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Term
| anatomic, or structural, divisions of the nervous system |
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Definition
The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord.
The peripheral (per-IF-er-al) nervous system (PNS) is made up of all the nerves outside the CNS. It includes all the cranial nerves that carry impulses to and from the brain and all the spinal nerves that carry messages to and from the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| is controlled voluntarily (by conscious will), and all its effectors are skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
It is also called the visceral nervous system because it controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands, which make up most of the soft body organs, the viscera.
sub divisionsSympathetic and parasympathetic systems |
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Term
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Definition
| are neuron fibers that conduct impulses to the cell body. Most dendrites have a highly branched, treelike appearance (see Fig. 9-2). In fact, the name comes from a Greek word meaning “tree.” Dendrites function as receptors in the nervous system. That is, they receive the stimulus that begins a neural pathway. In Chapter 11, we describe how the dendrites of the sensory system may be modified to respond to a specific type of stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| are neuron fibers that conduct impulses away from the cell body (see Fig. 9-2). These impulses may be delivered to another neuron, to a muscle, or to a gland. An axon is a single fiber, which may be quite long, but it may give off branches and its ending is branched. |
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Term
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Definition
that insulates and protects the fiber (see Fig. 9-2). In the PNS, this covering is produced by specialized protective cells called Schwann (shvahn) cells that wrap around the axon like a jelly roll depositing layers of myelin (Fig. 9-4). When the sheath is complete, small
spaces remain between the individual cells. These tiny gaps, called nodes (originally, nodes of Ranvier), are important in speeding nerve impulse conduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bundle of fibers collected in the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| Fiber bundle located within the the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| is around an individual fiber |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is around the whole nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
Sensory (afferent) nerve—contains only fibers that carry impulses toward the CNS (from a receptor)
Motor (efferent) nerve—contains only fibers that carry impulses away from the CNS (to an effector)
Mixed nerve—contains both sensory and motor fibers |
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Term
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Definition
Protect and nourish nervous tissue
Support nervous tissue and bind it to other structures
Aid in repair of cells
Act as phagocytes to remove pathogens and impurities
Regulate the composition of fluids around and between cells |
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Term
| symptoms of sympathetic Nervous system |
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Definition
Increase in the rate and force of heart contractions
Increase in blood pressure due partly to the more effective heartbeat and partly to constriction of small arteries in the skin and the internal organs
Dilation of blood vessels to skeletal muscles, bringing more blood to these tissues
Dilation of the bronchial tubes to allow more oxygen to enter
Stimulation of the central portion of the adrenal gland. This produces hormones, including epinephrine, that prepare the body to meet emergency situations in many ways (see Chapter 12). The sympathetic nerves and hormones from the adrenal gland reinforce each other
Increase in basal metabolic rate
Dilation of the pupil and decrease in focusing ability (for near objects |
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Term
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Definition
Largest and uppermost portion of the brain.
Divided into two hemispheres, each subdivided into lobes
Cortex (outer layer) is site for conscious thought, memory, reasoning, and abstract mental functions, all localized within specific lobes |
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Term
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Definition
Between the cerebrum and the brain stem.
Contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
Thalamus sorts and redirects sensory input. Hypothalamus maintains homeostasis, controls autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland |
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Term
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Definition
| connects the cerebrum and diencephalon with the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
Below the center of the cerebrum
Has reflex centers concerned with hearing vision connects cerebrum with lower parts of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
anterior to the cerebellum
connects the cerebellum with other portans of the brain and helps regulate resperations |
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Term
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Definition
| between the pons and spinal cord links the brain with the spinal cord has csnters for control of vital functions such as resperations and the heartbeat |
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Term
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Definition
below the posterior portion of the cereburm divided in to two hemispheres
coordinates voluntary muscles maintains balence and muscle tone |
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Term
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Definition
| Are three layers of connective tissue that surround both the brain and spinal cord to form a complete enclosure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thickest, toughest and outer most layer of the meniges |
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Term
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Definition
| Middle layer of the meninges loosly attached to the deepest of the meninges by weblike fibersallowing for movement of csf between the two membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| innermost layer around the brain, attached to the nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord and follows all the contours of these structuresmade of delicate connective tissue ________holds blood vessels that suppy nutrents and o2 to the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
is a clear liquid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord (Fig. 10-4). The function of the CSF is to support nervous tissue and to cushion shocks that would otherwise injure these delicate structures. This fluid also carries nutrients to the cells and transports waste products from the cells.
made in the choroid plexus |
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Term
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Definition
| The outer nervous tissue of the cerebral hemispheres is gray matter that makes up the ____________. This thin layer of gray matter (2-4 mm thick) is the most highly evolved portion of the brain and is responsible for conscious thought, reasoning, and abstract mental functions |
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Term
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Definition
| Elevated portions of the folds in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shallow grooves in the brain |
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| lies between the frontal and parietal lobes of each hemisphere at right angles to the longitudinal fissure |
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| which curves along the side of each hemisphere and separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes |
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| Basal nuclei or basal ganglia |
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| are masses of gray matter located deep within each cerebral hemisphere. These groups of neurons work with the cerebral cortex to regulate body movement and the muscles of facial expression. The neurons of the basal nuclei secrete the neurotransmitter dopamine (DO-pah-mene). |
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| which is relatively larger in humans than in any other organism, lies anterior to the central sulcus. The gyrus just anterior to the central sulcus in this lobe contains a primary motor area, which provides conscious control of skeletal muscles. Note that the more detailed the action, the greater the amount of cortical tissue involved (Fig. 10-9). The frontal lobe also contains two areas important in speech |
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| occupies the superior part of each hemisphere and lies posterior to the central sulcus. The gyrus just behind the central sulcus in this lobe contains the primary sensory area, where impulses from the skin, such as touch, pain, and temperature, are interpreted. The estimation of distances, sizes, and shapes also takes place here |
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| lies inferior to the lateral sulcus and folds under the hemisphere on each side. This lobe contains the auditory area for receiving and interpreting impulses from the ear. The olfactory area, concerned with the sense of smell, is located in the medial part of the temporal lobe; it is stimulated by impulses arising from receptors in the nose. |
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| lies posterior to the parietal lobe and extends over the cerebellum. The visual area of this lobe contains the visual receiving area and the visual association area for interpreting impulses arising from the retina of the eye |
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| is located in the midline area inferior to the thalamus and forms the floor of the third ventricle. It helps to maintain homeostasis by controlling body temperature, water balance, sleep, appetite, and some emotions, such as fear and pleasure. Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system are under ________control, as is the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus thus influences the heartbeat, the contraction and relaxation of blood vessels, hormone secretion, and other vital body functions. |
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| The two parts of the ________form the lateral walls of the third ventricle .Nearly all sensory impulses travel through the masses of gray matter that form the ______. The role of the thalamus is to sort out the impulses and direct them to particular areas of the cerebral cortex. |
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| CT (computed tomography) scan |
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| which provides photographs of the bone, soft tissue, and cavities of the brain (Fig. 10-12A). Anatomic lesions, such as tumors or scar tissue accumulations, are readily seen. |
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| MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), |
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| which gives more views of the brain than CT and may reveal tumors, scar tissue, and hemorrhaging |
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| PET (positron emission tomography |
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| which visualizes the brain in action |
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| electroencephalogram (EEG). |
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| Electrodes placed on the head pick up the electrical signals produced as the brain functions. These signals are then amplified and recorded to produce the tracings, or brain waves |
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