Term
| Patho, Unique Sign, and Tx for Pulmonary Contusion |
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Definition
Patho: interstitial pulmonary bleeding and edema
Sx: frothy, bloody sputum
Tx: O2, fluid restriction, and pain mgmt |
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Term
| Definition & Causes of Pneumothorax |
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Definition
Pneumothorax: air in the interstitial space of the thorax
Causes of a closed pneumothorax: blunt trauma, bleb
causes of an open pneumothorax: penetration (DO NOT REMOVE OBJECT), and vascular access device (VAD; central line) insertion |
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Term
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Definition
| DYSPNEA and HYPOXEMIA as well as deviated trachea, decreased chest wall movement, and decreased air intake |
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Term
| Mediastinal shift: definition, indication, and signs |
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Definition
the entire mediastinum (heart and surrounding tissues) has deviated to one side
as a result of a Tension Pneumothorax
signs include deviated trachea, dyspnea, decreased CO, etc. |
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Term
| Pneumothorax vs. Hemothorax |
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Definition
air vs. blood; otherwise causes, signs, and interventions are very similar
chest tube: air high, fluid (blood) low
If > 1500 mL of blood is lost, may need more serious surgery |
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Term
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Definition
| unstable chest wall due to rib fractures around a larger portion of the ribs |
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Term
| If 2+ ribs are broken in 2+ places... |
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Definition
| ...may allow for free-floating sternum (risk for further organ damage) |
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Term
| SubQ Emphysema: patho, assessment findings, common cause |
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Definition
air invades the subcutaneous space in the upper chest
auscultate crackles, PALPATE CREPITUS
common within a day of tracheotomy |
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Term
| Cardiac Tamponade: patho, signs, and causes |
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Definition
P: blood in the pericardium (30-50 mL--> diastolic collapse)
Sx: Beck's Triad: hypotension (narrowing pulse pressure, pulsus paradoxus <10 mmHg), muffled heart sounds, and neck vein distention
C: Cancer, HIV |
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Term
| Major Signs of Venous Congestion (Cardiac Tamponade) |
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Definition
visceromegaly
bilateral JVD/++hepatojugular reflex
increased Central Venous Pressure |
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Term
| 2 important Cardiac Tamponade interventions |
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Definition
Dobutrex (cardiac stimulant)
Teach to avoid excessive yawning, need to keep O2 Sat high |
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Term
| Signs of Blunt Cardiac Injury |
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Definition
ECG which mimics MI
Elevated cardiac enzymes, especially TROPONIN I (>1) |
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Term
| Pleural Effusion: Patho and Tx |
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Definition
P: fluid in the plueral space: transudate (low protein content) or exudate (high protein content; worse, leads to malnutrition)
Tx: thoracentesis, needle and syringe to draw out fluid (don't show the needle to the patient, it's scary) |
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Term
| Pleurisy: Patho, Causes, and Assessment findings |
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Definition
P: inflammation of the pleura due to
C: infection, trauma, or cancer
AF: pleural friction rub possible, low pitch, grating sound upon respiration |
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Term
| Atelectasis: Patho and Tx |
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Definition
P: collapsed, empty alveoli
Tx: incentive spirometry, positioning and oxygen |
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Term
| Pulmonary Edema: patho, causes, and tx |
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Definition
P: fluid in alveoli
C: left-sided heart failure (most common), fluid overload, and capillary/alveolar membrane alteration
Tx: cause, oxygen, diuresis (Lasix) |
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Term
| Lesser known risk factors for pulmonary emboli (PE) |
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Definition
A-Fib
Virchow's Triad: decreased blood flow, clotting abnormality, vascular injury |
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Term
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Definition
Heparin/Pradaxa therapies
PCDs/Stockings
Prudent nursing practice regarding vascular devices |
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Term
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Definition
DYSPNEA/cough
TACHYPNEA
TACHYCARDIA/fever |
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Term
| Large PE definition and secondary conditions |
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Definition
| >50% pulmonary vascular occlusion--> right sided heart failure & pulmonary hypertension (300/200) |
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Term
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Definition
| assesses risk for PE: >4 = high risk |
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Term
| Diagnostic Tests to Rule Out PE |
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Definition
V/Q Radiography
D-dimer lab test |
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Term
| Drugs involved in anticoagulation therapy r/t PE, and dx values to monitor |
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Definition
Heparin: aPTT (1.5-2.0x normal: 60-80)
Coumadin: INR (stop heparin at 2-3) |
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Term
| Five most common symptoms of PE |
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Definition
Anxiety
Dyspnea
Tachypnea
Tachycardia
Malaise: "I just don't feel well" |
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Term
| Primary Pulmonary Hypertension (PPH): main signs, and Tx |
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Definition
DOE and poor CO
Tx: Coumadin & Pulmonary vasodilation (to prevent PE), O2, and diuretics |
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Term
| common suffix for calcium channel blockers (pulmonary vasodilators) |
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Definition
-dipine
i.e. amlodipine, clevidipine, felodipine, etc. |
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Term
| effects of Secondary pulmonary HTN |
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Definition
| COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, and PE |
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