Term
What four bones make up the hip joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the three most important extracapsular ligaments of the hip joint? |
|
Definition
Iliofemoral ligament Pubofemoral ligament Ischiofemoral ligament |
|
|
Term
What is the strongest ligament in the human body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the two functions of the iliofemoral ligament? |
|
Definition
prevents excessive adduction and internal rotation of the hip. |
|
|
Term
What is the function of the ischiofemoral ligament? |
|
Definition
prevents excessive internal rotation at the hip |
|
|
Term
What is the function of the pubofemoral ligament? |
|
Definition
prevents excessive internal rotation and adduction at the hip |
|
|
Term
Which ligaments prevent excessive internal rotation at the hip? |
|
Definition
Iliofemoral ligament and ischiofemoral ligament |
|
|
Term
Which ligaments prevent excessive adduction at the hip? |
|
Definition
Iliofemoral and pubofemoral ligaments |
|
|
Term
You tore your ligament of the femoral head. What artery did you also rupture? |
|
Definition
A branch of the obturator artery that leads to the femoral head |
|
|
Term
What is a common cause of avascular necrosis of the thigh? |
|
Definition
Tears to the ligament of the femoral head |
|
|
Term
Which gluteal muscle is a hip extensor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Describe the functions of the three gluteus muscles |
|
Definition
Maximus extends the hip. Minimus and medius abduct the hip. |
|
|
Term
Name the muscles of the gluteal region |
|
Definition
Gluteus maximus Gluteus Medius Gluteus Minimus Piriformis Obturator internus Superior gemellus Inferior gemellus Quadratus femorus |
|
|
Term
Which gluteal muscles are lateral (exterior) rotators of the hip? |
|
Definition
piriformis obturator internus superior gemelli inferior gemelli Quadratus femorus |
|
|
Term
Which gluteal muscles are abductors of the hip? |
|
Definition
Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus |
|
|
Term
Which gluteal muscles are hip extensors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which gluteal muscles are internal (medial) rotators of the hip? |
|
Definition
Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Tensor fasciae latae |
|
|
Term
What are the lumbar nerves of the lubosacral plexus? |
|
Definition
Genitofemoral nerve Lateral cutenous nerve of the thigh Femoral nerve Obturator nerve |
|
|
Term
Nerve roots of genitofemoral nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nerve roots of Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nerve roots of Femoral Nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nerve roots of the obturator nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nerve roots of superior gluteal nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nerve roots of Sciatic nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nerve roots of inferior gluteal nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nerve roots of pudendal nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the sacral nerves of the lumbosacral plexus? |
|
Definition
Superior gluteal Sciatic Inferior gluteal Pudendal |
|
|
Term
The lumbosacral plexus is found within which muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
You need to give an intramuscular injection into gluteus maximus. Where should you give it? Why? |
|
Definition
Upper Lateral quadrant to prevent piercing the sciatic nerve |
|
|
Term
Which arteries feed the gluteal region? |
|
Definition
Common iliac artery Internal iliac artery Superior gluteal Inferior gluteal |
|
|
Term
You broke your femoral neck! Which arteries are you most likely to have ruptured? |
|
Definition
Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Medial circumflex femoral artery |
|
|
Term
Which structures exit the greater sciatic foramen above the piriformis? |
|
Definition
Superior gluteal nerve, artery and vein |
|
|
Term
Which structures exit the lesser sciatic foramen? |
|
Definition
Obturator internus muscle tendon Pudendal nerve (passes back up into perineum) Internal pudendal artery and vein |
|
|
Term
Which structures exit the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis? |
|
Definition
Sciatic nerve Inferior gluteal nerve artery and vein Pudendal nerve Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve Nerve to obturator internus Nerve to quadratus femorus and gemellus inferior |
|
|
Term
Which structures exit the obturator canal? |
|
Definition
Obturator nerve and vessels |
|
|
Term
Which structures pass through the gap between the inguinal ligament and the pelvic bone? (9) |
|
Definition
Psoas major iliacus pectineus Femoral artery, vein, nerve, and lymphatics Femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh |
|
|
Term
Which muscles are in the anterior compartment of the thigh? |
|
Definition
Iliopsoas Quadriceps femoris Sartorius |
|
|
Term
What are the functions of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh? |
|
Definition
Flexors of the hip, extensors of the knee |
|
|
Term
What is the blood supply of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the nerve supply of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh? |
|
Definition
femoral nerve (exception is psoas major (anterior rami of L1-L3) |
|
|
Term
What is the superior border of the femoral triangle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the medial border of the femoral triangle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the lateral border of the femoral triangle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name the structures that pass through the femoral triangle medial to lateral |
|
Definition
NAVEL
Femoral Nerve Femoral Artery Femoral Vein Empty canal Lymphatics |
|
|
Term
Name the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh |
|
Definition
Gracilis obturator externus pectineus adductor longus adductor brevus adductor magnus (pubofemoral portion |
|
|
Term
What is the function of the muscles of the medial thigh? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What nerve supplies the muscles of the medial thigh? |
|
Definition
obturator nerve (except pectineus: femoral nerve) |
|
|
Term
What artery supplies the muscles of the medial thigh? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the exception to the innervation of the medial thigh? |
|
Definition
Pectineus muscle is innervated by femoral instead of obturator |
|
|
Term
What is the adductor hiatus? |
|
Definition
It is the gap beteen the medial and lateral aspects of adductor magnus, where they insert on the femur |
|
|
Term
The adductor hiatus is the landmark for what transition? |
|
Definition
The femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery as it passes through |
|
|
Term
Pathologies of the adductor hiatus commonly cause what condition? |
|
Definition
popliteal artery entrapment syndrome, which leads to leg ischemia |
|
|
Term
What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh? |
|
Definition
Biceps femoris Semimembransus Semitendonosis Adductor magnus (ischicondylar portion) |
|
|
Term
What are the functions of the posterior compartment of the thigh? |
|
Definition
Extensors of the hip, flexors of the knee |
|
|
Term
What nerve supplies the muscles of the posterior thigh? |
|
Definition
Tibial division of the sciatic nerve
*exception: biceps femoris short head (common fibular division of sciatic nerve) |
|
|
Term
What artery supplies the muscles of the posterior thigh? |
|
Definition
No proper arterial supply. Fed by perforating branches of deep femoral artery |
|
|
Term
Which muscle of the posterior thigh is an exception to the innervation rule? |
|
Definition
Short head of biceps femoris. It is innervated by the common fibular division of the sciatic nerve instead of the tibial division |
|
|
Term
You have meralgia paraesthetica. What happened? |
|
Definition
Inguinal ligament compresses the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve resulting in lateral thigh pain. |
|
|
Term
You have meralgia paraesthetica. Which muscles are paralyzed? |
|
Definition
None. The lateral cutaneous nerve only provides sensory innervation to the lateral thigh. |
|
|
Term
Which dermatome covers the lateral thigh? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which dermatome covers the medial thigh? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which dermatome covers the anterior lateral leg? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which dermatome covers the anterior medial leg? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which dermatome covers the posterior leg and thigh? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which dermatome covers the buttocks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which dermatome covers the lateral malleolus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which dermatome covers the medial malleolus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which bones form the knee joint? |
|
Definition
Properly? Femur, patella, and tibia. Also fibula indirectly |
|
|
Term
Bones of the leg. Which is lateral, which is medial? |
|
Definition
FibuLA is LAteral
Tibia is medial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What muscles comprise the quadriceps femoris? |
|
Definition
Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis |
|
|
Term
What muscles cross the knee? (11) |
|
Definition
Quadriceps femoris: Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis
Hamstrings: Beceps femoris Semitendinosius Semimembransosus
Sartorius Gracilis
Popliteus |
|
|
Term
Which quadriceps femoris muscle is responsible for hip flexion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the quadriceps muscles have which function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Describe the insertion of the biceps femoris? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Describe the insertion of the semitendonosus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Describe the insertion of semimembranosus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Describe the function of the hamsrings |
|
Definition
hip extension, knee flexion |
|
|
Term
Describe the function of sartorius |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Describe the function of gracilis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Describe the insertion of sartorius |
|
Definition
Anterormedial tibia (pes anserinus) |
|
|
Term
Describe the insertion of gracilis |
|
Definition
Anterormedial tibia (pes anserinus) |
|
|
Term
What muscles insert on the pes anserinus? |
|
Definition
Sartorius, gracilis, and semitendonus |
|
|
Term
What nerves are found running under the pes anserinus? |
|
Definition
Femoral obturator and tibial nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sargent FOT is the mnemonic for the pes anserinus
Sartorius, Gracillis, semiTendonosis
Femoral, Obturator, Tibial nerve |
|
|
Term
Gerdy's tubercle is better known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the function of popliteus |
|
Definition
Flexion and internal tibial rotation at the knee |
|
|
Term
What is the unhappy triad of knee injuries? |
|
Definition
Tear of ACL, MCL, and Medial meniscus |
|
|
Term
You just experienced the unhappy triad of knee injuries. Where were you hit, and where is the damage? |
|
Definition
You were hit on the lateral side but the damage is medial because the medial side opens wider |
|
|
Term
What is the forward drawer test? |
|
Definition
IF you can move the knee forward, you have torn the ACL |
|
|
Term
What is the rear drawer test? |
|
Definition
If you can push the knee back, you have torn the PCL |
|
|
Term
ACL and PCL. Which one is medial? |
|
Definition
ACL is medial PCL is lateral |
|
|
Term
What is the gold standard for diagnosing knee injuries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What structures pass through the popliteal fossa? |
|
Definition
Popliteal artery and vein Tibial nerve Common fibular nerve |
|
|
Term
Which major knee ligament connects to a bone that is not actually part of the knee joint? |
|
Definition
Lateral collateral ligament attaches the fibular head to the lateral epicondyle of the femur |
|
|
Term
What is the quadriceps angle? Is it wider in males or females? |
|
Definition
It is the angle of the quadriceps at the knee. It is typically wider in females. |
|
|
Term
Which is the only muscle that originates on the crus of the knee yet does not insert on the foot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are posterior extrinsic foot muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are anterior extrinsic foot muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the muscles of the anterior crural compartment? |
|
Definition
Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus |
|
|
Term
What is the function of Tibialis anterior? |
|
Definition
Dorsiflex and supinate the foot |
|
|
Term
What is the function of Extensor digitorum longus? |
|
Definition
Dorsiflex foot, dorsiflex digits |
|
|
Term
What is the function of Extensor hallucis longus? |
|
Definition
Dorsiflex foot, dorsiflex hallux |
|
|
Term
What is the innervation of the anteriror crural compartment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It is a mnemonic for the anterior crural compartment
Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus Anterior tibial artery
Deep fibular nerve Extensor digitorum longus Perorneus tertius |
|
|
Term
What muscles are in the lateral crural compartment? |
|
Definition
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevus |
|
|
Term
What is the nerve supply to the lateral crural compartment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the artery supply to the lateral crural compartment |
|
Definition
Posterior tibial artery and perforating branches of fibular artery |
|
|
Term
What are the muscles of deep posterior crural compartment? |
|
Definition
Popliteus Flexor Hallucis Longus Flexor Digitorum Longus Tibialis posterior |
|
|
Term
What nerve supplies the deep posterior crural compartment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What artery supplies the deep posterior crural compartment? |
|
Definition
Posterior tibial artery and fibular artery |
|
|
Term
What structures pass through the tarsal tunnel? |
|
Definition
Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Posterior tibial artery Tibial nerve Flexor hallucis longus
Tom, Dick, And Very Nervous Harry |
|
|
Term
What is the most common ankle nerve entrapment syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How do you diagnose tarsal tunnel syndrome? |
|
Definition
Pain or numbness on the plantar foot WITHOUT swelling and tenderness |
|
|
Term
At the tarsal tunnel, the tibial nerve splits. Which nerves are derived from it? |
|
Definition
The tibial nerve becomes the: Calcaneal nerve Plantar nerve and lateral plantar nerve |
|
|
Term
What muscles make up the superficial posterior crural compartment? |
|
Definition
Gastrocnemius Plantaris Soleus |
|
|
Term
What is the nerve supply to the superficial posterior crural compartment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the arterial supply to the superficial posterior crural compartment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the clinical significance of the fabella? |
|
Definition
It can indicate fluid buildup if it is too far away from the femur |
|
|
Term
What is the function of the muscles of the posterior crural compartment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the nerve roots of the tibial nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It is a cutaneous branch of the tibial nerve |
|
|
Term
What are the nerve roots of the common tibial nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The common tibial nerve branches into what nerves? |
|
Definition
Lateral sural cutaneous
Superficial fibular nerve
Deep fibular nerve |
|
|
Term
Which nerve is sometimes compressed by the fabella? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In regards to the retinaculums of the foot which nerve passes over them and which one passes under? |
|
Definition
Superficial fibular nerve goes over
Deep fibular nerve passes under |
|
|
Term
The popliteal artery branches into which arteries? |
|
Definition
Anterior tibial artery (for anterior crural compartment
Posterior tibial artery (for posterior crural compartment)
Fibular artery (posterior crural compartment |
|
|
Term
Which nerve runs along with the greater saphenous vein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which nerve runs along with the lesser saphenous vein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What three joints make up the ankle? |
|
Definition
Talcurual joint (ankle proper)
Subtalar
Inferior tibiofibular joint |
|
|
Term
What motion does the talocrural joint permit? |
|
Definition
Plantarflexion and dorsiflection |
|
|
Term
What motion does the subtalar joint permit? |
|
Definition
Inversion (supination) and eversion (pronation) |
|
|
Term
Which ligaments make up the tibiofibular syndesmosis? |
|
Definition
Anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament
Posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament
Interosseus ligament |
|
|
Term
What is most commonly injured in a high ankle sprain? |
|
Definition
Anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament
(sometimes posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament) |
|
|
Term
What percentage of sprains are considered high ankle sprains? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the most common type of ankle sprain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which ligaments are involved in an inversion ankle sprain? |
|
Definition
usually anterior talofibular ligament calcaneofibular ligament
(rarely posterior talofibular ligament) |
|
|
Term
What is the unholy triad of ankle sprains? |
|
Definition
Damage to the posterior talofibular ligament Calcaneofibular ligament Anterior talofibular ligament |
|
|
Term
In regards to the unholy triad, what is a grade 1, 2, or 3 sprain? |
|
Definition
Grade 1: no tears of any of the following: Posterior talofibular ligament Calcenofibular ligament Anterior talofibular ligament
Grade 2: One tear
Grade 3: Two tears |
|
|
Term
Which ligaments are injured in an eversion ankle sprain? |
|
Definition
Deltoid ligament (rarely also posterior talotibial ligament) |
|
|
Term
How common are eversion sprains? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
You have a trimalleolar fracture. What's broken? |
|
Definition
Lateral malleolus Medial malleolus Posterior distal tibia |
|
|
Term
What is the os subfibulare sometimes confused for on x-ray? |
|
Definition
fracture of the medial malleolus |
|
|
Term
Which bones make up the rearfoot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which bones make up the midfoot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the bony articulations of the foot? |
|
Definition
Talus-navicular Calcaneus-cuboid |
|
|
Term
What are the bones of the foot? |
|
Definition
Talus Calcaneus Navicular Cuboid Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform
Tiger Cubs Need MILC |
|
|
Term
What is a Jones fracture? |
|
Definition
It's a fracture of the 5th metatarsal tuberosity |
|
|
Term
Going distal to proximal, what is the second bone of the hallux? |
|
Definition
It is the 1st proximal pedal phalanx. Since it only has two bones, there is no intermediate phalanx. |
|
|
Term
Which joints make up the transverse tarsal joint? |
|
Definition
The calcaneocuboid and talonaviular joints combine to make it. |
|
|
Term
Name the intrinsic dorsal muscles of the foot |
|
Definition
Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor Hallucis brevis
Dorsal interossei |
|
|
Term
What nerve serves the intrinsic dorsal muscles of the foot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What artery serves the intrinsic dorsal muscles of the foot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where would you find the dorsalis pedis artery? |
|
Definition
It runs along the lateral side of the hallux. |
|
|
Term
How do you distinguish the dorsal interossei muscles from the plantar ones? |
|
Definition
The dorsal muscles are bipennate. |
|
|
Term
What is the function of the dorsal interossei? |
|
Definition
They stabilize the foot during toe-off. |
|
|
Term
Where does the tibialis anterior attach to the foot? |
|
Definition
It inserts on the medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsals. |
|
|
Term
Where does the extensor digitorum longus attach to the foot? |
|
Definition
It extends to the proximal and intermediate phalanges of toes 2-5 |
|
|
Term
What innervates tibialis anterior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What innervates extensor digitorum longus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where does extensor hallucis longus attach to the foot? |
|
Definition
It inserts into the distal 1st phalange of the foot |
|
|
Term
What nerve innervates extensor hallucis longus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What gait malformity is caused by damage to the deep fibular nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which muscles make up the first layer of the plantar foot? (layers superficial to deep) |
|
Definition
Abductor hallucis Abductor digiti minimi Flexor digitorum brevus |
|
|
Term
What innervates the abductor hallucis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What innervates teh flexor digitorum brevis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What innervates the abductor digiti minimi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which muscles make up the second layer of the plantar foot? (layers superficial to deep) |
|
Definition
Flexor hallucis longus tendon Flexor digitorum longus tendon Quadratus plantae Lumbricals |
|
|
Term
What nerve innervates the quadratus plantae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which nerves innervate the lumbricals of the foot? |
|
Definition
Medial and lateral plantar nerves. |
|
|
Term
Which muscles make up the third layer of the plantar foot? (layers superficial to deep) |
|
Definition
Flexor digiti minimi Adductor hallucis Flexor hallucis brevis |
|
|
Term
What innervates the flexor digit minimi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What innervates the adductor hallucis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What innervates the flexor hallucis brevis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which muscles make up the fourth layer of the plantar foot? (layers superficial to deep) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which nerve innervates the plantar interossei? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which muscles are innervated by the medial plantar nerve? |
|
Definition
Flexor digitorum brevis Flexor hallucis brevis Abductor hallucis 1st lumbrical
Everything else is lateral plantar nerve |
|
|
Term
a patient steps on a nail. How do you distinguish between damage to the lateral and medial plantar nerves? |
|
Definition
The key is abduction of the hallux. If they can, the medial nerve is intact. |
|
|
Term
Which ligaments make up the lateral arch? |
|
Definition
Two of them Long: anterior calcaneal tuberosity to anterior cuboidal tuberosity Short: Anterior calcaneus to posterial cuboid
Short is deep to long |
|
|
Term
Which ligaments make up the medial arch? |
|
Definition
Spring ligament, also known as the calcaneonavicular ligament |
|
|
Term
If a person plantarflexes while standing, what will happen to the rearfoot?
Why? |
|
Definition
It will invert slightly due to the tibialis posteior pulling the medial arch superiorly, inverting the foot slightly. |
|
|
Term
While a patient tries to plantar flex on the ball of the foot, the foot is noted to have abnormal movement. What exercise will correct the problem? |
|
Definition
Heel raises to strengthen the tibialis posterior. |
|
|
Term
A physician looks at a patient's shoe and notices that the medial aspect of the shoe is worn. What type of step does this person have? |
|
Definition
This person tends to pronate |
|
|
Term
A physician looks at a patient's shoe and notices that the lateral aspect of the shoe is worn. What type of step does this person have? |
|
Definition
This person tends to supinate |
|
|
Term
The dorsalis pedis artery branches into which arteries? |
|
Definition
the arcuate artery and the fist metatarsal artery. |
|
|
Term
A patient is noted to have yellow, brittle looking nails. What infectious process might cause it? |
|
Definition
The patient probably has tinea unguinum |
|
|
Term
A patient is noted to have flaking skin between the toes and a burning pain. What infectious process might cause this? |
|
Definition
Tinea pedis (also known as athlete's foot |
|
|
Term
What does onychocryptosis refer to? |
|
Definition
It is a bending of the nail. When it is bilateral, it is referred to as a pincer nail. |
|
|
Term
Verruca plantaris are better known as? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
What is morton's neuroma? |
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Definition
It's a thickening of the tissue around a nerve between the third and fourth toes |
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